Shakespeare Coursework Essay Example

Shakespeare Coursework Essay Compare and contrast the roles of the Nurse and Friar Lawrence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet in the following ways:* Consider their contribution to the plot* Select short sections from the play involving these two characters for close study, showing appreciation of dramatic structure and stagecraft* Analyse what they tell us about Elizabethan societyThis essay will focus on the Nurse and Friar Lawrence, and how their actions and opinions affected Romeo and Juliet.From the outset of the play the prologue dooms them both by stating their death-marked love. This makes the part of the Friar and the Nurse in their deaths unclear, as we do not know whether the star-crossed lovers would have died without them intervening on their behalf since it was written in the stars. As well as this, it also describes that the consequences of their actions bury their parents strife giving a twist to the plot which, if the observer was removed from the emotional aspects of the play, could find balanced out the tragedy with a greater good.Romeo and Juliet are the children of two wealthy families in Verona, the Montagues and the Capulets. Friar Lawrence and the Nurse are both lower down the social scale than Romeo and Juliet but act as confidants and close friends to them both, the Friar being a spiritual adviser as well. Romeo and Juliet depend on them both and treat them as extended family. In this way they value their advice and have very strong bonds between them. Although the guidance given by both the Nurse and Friar is valued equally, the actual opinion of each character may differ greatly.The Nurse is an out-going character who has wet-nursed and cared for Juliet since she was a baby and, due to the detached supervision of her own mother, Juliet is more likely to turn to the Nurse for advice and guidance.The Nurse is very affectionate towards Juliet, and dotes on her as her own child. In this way, she wants the best for Juliet and gives her the best possible advice according to her beliefs. Unfortunately, since she lacks the greater wisdom of other characters, her guidance is sometimes flawed and she is easily swayed by other characters conflicting opinions.The class boundary between Juliet and the Nurse is easily apparent whenever she talks, probably due to her lack of education. Her language is colloquial and repetitive and often full of irrelevancies. The coarseness and vulgarity with which she talks to Juliet is also apparent, and she does not refrain from talking about sex in her company.I am the drudge, and toil in your delight.But you shall bear the burden soon at night Act 2 Scene 5Her extroverted nature does not lend itself to caution, and the only moment of prudence on the part of the Nurse is when she warns Romeo that he must take the relationship seriously or not at all.If ye should lead her in a fools paradise, as they say, it were a very gross kind of behaviour- Act 2 Scene 4For all the care and attention Juliet is given, the N urse relishes in teasing Juliet, for example the Nurse goes out to meet Romeo and ask him whether he would marry Juliet, she delays telling her the news for as long as possible. When she finally tells Juliet what he said, she seems more concerned about his appearance than his personality.Though his face be better than any mans, yethis leg excels all mens; and for a hand, and afoot, and a body, though they be not to be talkedon, yet they are past compare. Act 2 Scene 5It is this flaw, taking objects, situations and people at face value that leads her to hurt Juliet later in the play when she is confronted with the dilemma of obeying her father and marring Paris but betraying Romeo. She refuses her fathers offer and he then directs violent abuse at her. Juliet looks towards the Nurse for comfort saying What sayest thou, hast thou no word of joy?, but is astonished and distressed by her seemingly unfeeling attitude towards her. She does not seem to take into account Juliets loyalty an d intensity of feeling for Romeo, and instead contradicts her previous praise towards him.I think it is best you married with the County.O hes a lovely gentleman.Romeos a dishclout to him Act 3 Scene 5In these lines, dishclout is used as a derogatory metaphor. It is also used earlier in the play when she speaks to Romeo. She informs him that Juliet looks as pale as any clout in the versal world when she suggests that Paris is the properer.This is the last point in the play at which the Nurse has a part, and the next time she is seen, it is following discovery of Juliets dead body the morning after taking the Friars potion. This acts in a strange way as a reprisal for her betrayal of Juliet the night before.Although it may be taken in this fashion, the view could be taken that the Nurse was only looking after Juliets best interests and made a few vain attempts at helping protect Juliet from her parents anger.Nurse: You are to blame my lord to rate her so.Capulet: And why, my lady wi sdom? Hold your tongue.Good prudence, smatter with your gossips, go. Act 3 Scene 5The Nurse tries to defend Juliet, but is shouted down by Capulet who complains of Juliets ingratitude. Thus, the reason for her complete reversal of opinion may have been that she saw no way around what Capulet had decreed. The Nurse, in a spate of insight may have considered between Juliets life after running away with Romeo with no money, status, or shelter and her life if she married Paris a rich, highly influential, and well kept lifestyle. The latter would have been theoretically better but without Romeo, it is fatally flawed.The Friars approach to life is altogether different than the Nurses. He is at first portrayed as a wise and contemplative character who is helpful and well-meaning. He philosophises upon many things and often uses plants and nature as a focal point for his ideas. One of his core beliefs is that everything has a potential for good and bad, and that this holds with people a s well. He gives an example of a plant in his garden, whose flower has a pleasant smell and makes you feel good, but eating it would kill you.Within the infant rind of this weak flowerPoison hath residence, and medicine power;For this being smelt with that part cheers each part;Being tasted, stays all senses with the heart. Act 2 Scene 3In the same scene, Romeo confesses to the Friar that he has broken up with Rosaline, to which the Friar replies Thats my good son. This implies that the Friar thought that Romeo was too young and when Romeo explains he has found someone else, he is very suspicious of its nature and suspects it is because beauty only. This could be explained as wise or simply pessimistic, depending on the point of view.Young mens love then liesNot truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. Act 2 Scene 3The Friar has a special friendship with Romeo, but unlike the Nurse, has no contact with his parents removing him from many of the obligations the Nurse undertakes. H e is partly a father figure for Romeo and seems content to listen patiently to him. Romeo has no hesitations about confiding in him and happily tells the Friar about Juliet and his passion for her.At that time, early marriage was the done thing and so Friar Lawrence has no qualms about marrying them after considering the implications of a marriage between the two lovers a peace between the two houses.For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households rancour to pure love Act 2 Scene 3One of the Friars quotes Wisely and slow, they stumble that run fast. Has a large implication on the rest of his actions. He fails to follow his own advice, and later in the play makes rash decisions leading his to need to rush about to fix them, and in doing so, fail thus leading to Romeo and Juliets death.The proceeding actions of the Friar and the Nurse do nothing to slow down the marriage of Romeo and Juliet, who are married by the Friar, quickly and secretly.When Romeo is banished, th e Friar can only philosophise about his predicament. This is entirely ineffectual and causes Romeo to become maddened to the point where he threatens to stab himself. This is a point in the play where the Friar has the least control over the situation and the Nurse takes the initiative by restraining Romeo and snatching away the dagger. Even after this, the Friar still seems unable to comprehend the grief Romeo feels and tells him to act sensibly.Hold thy desperate hand.Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art.Thy tears are womanish, thy wild acts denoteThe unreasonable fury of a beast.Unseemly woman in a seeming man.This is entirely inappropriate as Romeos actions can be justified by the situation he is in. The Friar continues to look at the wider picture and tells Romeo that by killing himself, he would kill Juliet too, and by such an action he would sin against his own personality and the love he shares with Juliet. He explains to Romeo that he has had great fortune in being a ble to stay alive, but deep down knows the reality of the situation and cannot expect Romeo to change his point of view.A point in the play where events could have been drastically changed is at this particular time. Both the Nurse and Friar Lawrence neglect to inform either the Capulets or the Montagues, whose acknowledgement of the situation may have stopped the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, but may not have brought the houses together as fully.Instead, the Friar starts on a desperate scheme in order to stop Juliet from killing herself and makes a rash decision to give her a drug that will make it look as though she is dead.Due to the complexity of the Friars plan, there is no backup scheme that can be used in the event of a failure. In order for it to work, each link in the plan must work flawlessly which it does until only a seemingly small detail the delivery of a letter to Romeo explaining what has been done it unaccomplished due to a plague to the city. This throws all of th e subsequent events into disarray and the Friar panics. His an example of his contradictory beliefs are shown when he is hurrying towards the vault where Juliet is lying, in order to warn Romeo that she is not actually dead.Saint Francis be my speed. How oft tonightHave my old feet stumbled at graves.In his haste to get to the vault, he trips and stumbles reminding us of what he said at the start of the play They stumble that run fast. His calm attitude towards the situation has not prevailed and he has wasted time. As well as this, the Friar ends by blaming the stars for the tradegy that occurred.When the Friar attempts to convince Juliet to leave the vault as he has heard a voice, he blames the problem not on his (or anyone elses) actions, but on a higher power.A greater power than we can contradictHas thwarted our intents.When confronted with the Prince and other characters at the end, he admits involvement even though he feared being punished. The Friar explains the sequence o f events that led to the tragedy and, in telling the truth, discloses the Nurses involvement.He is believed because of his status as a holy man and offers his life as a penance for his fault.This is interesting and shows part of the Friars character not seen before. He may have offered his life honestly, and accepted that he would have to pay with his life. On the other hand, he uses the words let my old life be sacrificed some hour before his time which make the death sentence seem cruel as he is old and killing him would not be much of a forfeit for him.Although the Nurse and Friar are not the main characters in the play, they influence the story greatly and act as vehicles for the plot. While other character respond and deal with the events that happen, the Nurse and the Friar make situations and are the doers, preferring to alter the circumstances they are in to their own (if slightly misjudged) ends, rather than adapt round them.A pivotal moment in the play is when the Friar de cides to give Juliet the potion that will make look as if she is dead. We know that his beliefs are that plants, like people, have both good and bad properties. In this way, we can look at the potion in two ways it was used for good and helped Juliet, or it was abused, and led to her death. Juliet had begged the Friar to help her and was determined to kill herself rather than be married to Paris. Because she was prepared to face death, Friar Lawrence gives her the potion as a means of getting out of it alive. The fact that due to other circumstances she died after taking the potion is not significant when she would have killed herself anyway the potion just allowed her to put it off.Both the Nurse and Friar are actively responsible for bringing the lovers together and helping their relationship progress. It is the nurse who identifies Romeo at the banquet and it is she who acts as the messenger between the two, helping with the arrangement of their marriage. She is also responsibl e for assembling a rope ladder that allows Romeo to sleep with Juliet the night after their marriage.The Friar also facilitates the relationship by secretly marrying them and then arranging Romeos night with Juliet. After Romeo is banished, he offers a last chance plan that gives Juliet hope that she will be alright.Both let the lover down in their own ways the Nurse by being less educated, becomes less useful to Juliet as the problems increase and cannot see how the problems can be solved after Juliets arranged marriage. The Friar, while meaning well, forgets his own guidance, and in a hurry to complete his plan stumbles.The Nurse and Friar are both very close to Romeo and Juliet, and reveal their secret thoughts and feelings.Due to the nature of a play, actors must not just say the lines as if reading them aloud, but insert exaggeration, pauses, and gestures so that the audience can feel that what they are seeing is as real as possible.In Act 2 Scene 3 The Friar is visible in hi s small garden outside his cell. The lighting will simulate dawn and will illuminate the various herbs and flowers growing nearby. The opening line, The grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night is said as the stage has no narrator, and so a time of day must be set by speech and lighting. The Friar should be wearing robes and other priestly garments, modestly decorated so as to convey a humble character. As he unhurriedly collects herbs into a wicker basket, he should be saying his lines with an air of reflection and calmness, occasionally looking closely at a specimen before placing it in his basket. When Romeo arrives he should run quickly in and look around for the Friar, before seeing him and walking over excitedly. He should wear ordinary period costume and look slightly unkempt.The Friar should notice Romeos presence and look unfazed but enquire with moderate interest why he has woken so early. With a small smile, he should suggest that Romeo hath not been in bed tonight.Whe n explains where he has been, he should do so enthusiastically and with a far-away look in his eyes, so that the audience sees he is remembering something. As he explains that he has fallen in love with Juliet he should gesture and jump round the Friar as if making sure he has heard him.While Romeo is telling him this, the Friar should stop picking after hearing that he loves a Capulet and when finished stand slowly and say with a chiding tone that Romeo used to be in love with Rosaline.While walking slowly towards another part of the garden, Romeo should be jumping about excitedly beside him, questioning his reason for not being happy for him. Then, as he nears the stage sides he should stop and look considerately at Romeo while talking half to himself and then , as he begins walking again say But come young waverer, come with me... When he says For this alliance he should pause thoughtfully before finishing his sentence and as Romeo realises that the Friar will help him he should be very exited. Then, the Friar should turn towards him and say meaningfully Wisely and slow, they stumble that run fast. Before the lights dim and the act ends.In Act 5 scene 3 Lines 147-159 The Friar is with Juliet when she wakes up in the vault. The lighting should be a small spotlight illuminating a marble platform with Juliets body on top. Romeo should be lying by the side dead, and Paris should be just visible on another nearby plinth. The Friar should hold a small lantern that illuminates Juliets face, and other gothic fixtures may be present such as dark stone pillars and cobwebs showing that they are inside a dry, dusty, vault and that it has lay unkempt for decades. Juliet should be wearing her burial clothes and have a shroud over her body.When she rises, she should do so very slowly and deliberately, as if waking from a long sleep. When she sees the Friar she should appear contented with his presence and slightly lethargic when talking to him. The Friar should appear slightly distraught, but keep an anxious face and body language.When he hears the noise, he should look very keen to leave and glance towards the exit, while avoiding Juliets questions. Juliet should become slowly aware of the Friars mood and begin to look worried when she senses that all is not well.The Friar should tell Juliet of Romeos death with little apparent feeling, while all the time, keep glancing towards the exit. His offhand remark about disposing of her should be greeted by a look of horror on Juliets face, and she should shrink away from him as he continues on.When he sees that she will not come, he should mutters about not being able to stay any longer and quickly hurries off, looking back and seeming tormented by the two priorities of saving Juliet, and saving himself.The Friar serves as a religious symbol throughout the play, and represents the Roman Catholic Church.This sense of heightened religion gives the relationship a stronger power and is a reminder that othe r powers such as God control us.The Nurse, on the other hand, acts as light relief and emphasises the baser instincts and sensual nature of the relationship through her humour.The Friar and Nurse provide an insight into the Elizabethan society in which William Shakespeare lived. The relationship between Juliet and her Nurse would have been a common one for many rich families in that period. The arranged marriage of Juliet and Count Paris arranged by her father would have also been common in the families of the Elizabethan period due to the differences between each class of society a rich and high status family would marry their children into a similar family.The cold humour that the Friar talked of when discussing his potion was part of the limited medical knowledge at that time. Humours, as they were called, were four different substances that were made inside the body. When food was eaten, it was converted into four liquids by the liver blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bil e. They were all associated with different behaviours sanguine; hopeful, courageous and amorous phlegmatic; cool, apathetic and sluggish choleric; angry and easily annoyed and melancholic; depressed and in low mood respectively. Usually the humours were in balance with each other and behaviour was sensible, but if there was an imbalance in the humours, people would become one of the above.I think that the role of the Nurse and Friar in the tragedy is small, but the compound effect of many characters mistakes caused the deaths of the two lovers. For example Romeo and Juliet both took decisions which led to their deaths, but this is only part of the story. They behaved as they did because of the situation they found themselves in and because of the way in which people treated them. There is almost none in the play who does not bear some responsibility for their deaths even the Prince could be accused; if he had been more forceful with his actions against the feuding families, the fight between Mercutio and Tybalt would not have happened. Romeo would not have killed Tybalt and therefore not been punished, bypassing the need for Friar Lawrences complicated plan and avoiding the tragedy.The role of fate in the play is something that could be discussed in great detail. Was it just coincidence that Capulet should send out the invitations to the feast using a messenger who could not read, just at the moment when he will meet Romeo and so ask him to read the list for him. Also, it is strange that at a crowded party, where there are many attractive young girls, Romeo should see Juliet.There is only one point in the entire play where a character is mildly more to blame than any other the Friar leaves Juliet by herself in the tomb, with Romeo and Paris both dead nearby. This is when she takes her own life, if the Friar had stayed longer, or forced her to come with him, she may have lived. Although this is akin to saying if Romeo had not drunk the poison, he would no t have died, so my argument is flawed.I think that the Nurse and Friar are to blame, but just as much as other characters who interacted with Romeo and Juliet. If any one thing is to be blamed it is the stars.

Perfect Pizzeria Essay Essays

Perfect Pizzeria Essay Essays Perfect Pizzeria Essay Essay Perfect Pizzeria Essay Essay Perfect Pizzeria Restaurants is a concatenation of 125 pizza constitutions around the state with central offices in Madison. Wisconsin. There are three locations in Bloomington. Indiana nevertheless they have fiscal and employee jobs peculiarly at the location near the Indiana University campus. Each location has one director and two displacement leaders. The employees are largely college pupils. with a few high school pupils executing the less ambitious occupations. About all of the employees. with the exclusion of some directors. are employed parttime and most earned merely the minimal pay or somewhat above. To turn to the fiscal jobs. the Perfect Pizzeria manager’s compensation program was changed to now being based on nutrient and drink costs and net income marks. If the per centum of nutrient unsold or damaged is really low. the director gets a fillip. If the per centum is high. the director does non have a fillip ; instead he or she receives merely his or her normal wage. Their compensation is besides reflected in the restaurant’s net income figures which besides must make a certain degree for the director to have a fillip. Thus the directors knew the standards being used for their rating and hence where to concentrate their attempts. These net income and loss figures frequently fluctuate. Knowing the director can non be in the shop 24 hours a twenty-four hours. some employees make up for their low payroll checks by assisting themselves to the nutrient. When a friend comes in to order a pizza. excess ingredients are put on the friend’s pizza. An occasional piece or two of pizza by the 18 to 20 employees throughout the day/evening at the interruption tabular array besides raises the per centum figure. An occasional pail of sauce may be spilled or a pizza by chance burned. Sometimes the incorrect size of pizza may be made. In the event of an employee error or a burned pizza by the oven individual. thedisbursal is supposed to come from the single employee. Because of equal force per unit area. the dark director seldom writes up a measure for the mistaking employee. Alternatively the constitution takes the loss and the mistake goes unnoticed until the terminal of the month when the stock list is taken. That’s when the director finds out if the nutrient loss per centum is high and if there will be a fillip. ( Following page ) Over clip these loss figures increased. To turn to these jobs at the Bloomington location. the director took retaliatory steps. Previously. each employee was entitled to a free pizza piece. salad. and all the soft drinks he or she could imbibe for every 4 hours of work. Management decided to raise this figure to 6 hours of work before any free nutrient. Since the employees had received this â€Å"free nutrient after 4-hours† benefit for a long clip they often ignored the regulation and took advantage of the state of affairs whenever the director was non in the edifice. Therefore. the Perfect Pizzeria director decided to make an helper director place which could more closely oversee the displacement leaders. Each displacement leader was now responsible for a squad of 3 – 4 employees who were given specific duties for a peculiar occupation such as counter. bringing. nutrient readying. etc. Employee apathy grew within the pizza shop. There seemed to be a farther separation between the shop director and his workers. who were one time a closely knit group. The director made no effort to relieve the job. because he felt it would press itself out. The employees who were dissatisfied would discontinue or they would be content to set up with the new ordinances. As it turned out. there were many employee surrenders. The director had no job in make fulling the vacancies with new workers. but the loss of experient forces was dearly-won to the concern. It didn’t take long for the new employees to go influenced by the more experient employees and the unsold/damaged nutrient per centum remained high. Then the director took a bolder measure. He eliminated all the benefits that the employees had – no free pizzas. salads. or drinks. The director triedstill another attack to relieve the lifting unsold/damaged nutrient per centum job and keep his fillip. He placed a notice on the bulletin board. saying that: if the per centum remained at a high degree. a lie sensor trial would be given to all employees. All those found guilty of taking or deliberately blowing nutrient or drinks would be instantly terminated. This did non hold the coveted consequence on the employees. because they knew if they were all subjected to the trial. all would be found guilty and the director would hold to disregard all of them. This would go forth him in a worse state of affairs than of all time. As the director sat in his office hearing to his beloved Cub’s baseball game. he analyzed the month’s profit/loss statements and knew things were non traveling to be good. What he did non anticipate was that the per centum was really increasing from old months. Another job developed at the Bloomington campus location when Jennifer. a late hired dark displacement counter clerk filed a ailment with the regional director. She stated in her ailment that she was ever required to work the late displacement and Bill the dark director was going a spot â€Å"too friendly† . In fact her ailment stated. the lone manner she could acquire off from work before than other employees was if she would hold to run into Bill on their darks off at Hoosier’s. a popular college pupil club down the street from Perfect Pizzeria. Additionally. there was a formal ailment from a group of male employees that merely the attractive female workers were being promoted to assistant directors or displacement leaders even though the work forces had worked at the eating house longer than most of the promoted adult females. The instance assignment inquiries follow†¦PERFECT PIZZERIA – CASE QUESTIONS ( Please type your responses by naming the inquiry number/letter and so your replies to the questions. ) 1. List two different managerial functions/activities the director has performed. Then give specific illustrations or grounds from the instance that explains these two direction maps the director has performed. 4. points ) 2a. Which of the managerial accomplishments was the director best at? Explain. 2b. Which of the managerial accomplishments did the director demand to better? Explain. ( 4 points ) 3. List and/or give illustrations of four ( 4 ) different forces or factors from Perfect Pizzerias’ external environment. Then give a specific illustration of how each of these could hold an impact on Perfect Pizzeria. Please be specific. ( 4 pts. ) 4a. The instance references that some employees put excess ingredients on their friends’ pizza or take a nibble or two of pizza during their displacement. Please discuss whether you feel this is ethical and your grounds why you feel this manner. ( 2 pts. ) 4b. What actions could an organisation return to forestall these possible ethical misdemeanors from go oning based on the constructs in the text edition? Explain by using these thoughts to this instance state of affairs. ( 4 pts. ) 5. Review the organisational attacks to pull offing diverseness from Chapter 6. Then discuss or give an illustration of how you would use two of these constructs to turn to the ailments of the male employees sing the unjust publicities? Be specific. ( 4 points ) 6. Give an illustration from the instance of a hapless direction action and discuss two ( 2 ) specific ways you would rectify the state of affairs if you were the director. ( 3 points )

A Study On Communicative Teaching Education Essay

Finally, when we learn to pass on utilizing our mark linguistic communication we do it of course because we are involved in a context that uses this linguistic communication so we get used to talk it in a short clip non by larning grammatical regulations but, as Nunan expresses we learn a linguistic communication â€Å" as a dynamic resource for the creative activity of intending†¦ we need to separate between cognizing assorted grammatical regulations and being able to utilize the regulations efficaciously and suitably when pass oning † . ( 1989 ) When we want to larn a new linguistic communication different from the mark one there are many methods or attacks that we can utilize, all of them for the same intent: Communicate. The communicative instruction attack arises from the dissatisfaction of many pedagogues that are non happy with the audio-lingual method because grammar is difficult to larn and pupils get bored in category because they do n’t happen the existent public-service corporation of the new linguistic communication. Since the pupils were larning how to construct a perfect sentence they did n’t hold the opportunity to pattern existent communicating. This method focuses more on the purpose of communicate and less in the perfect manner to talk because the pupils have to happen one manner or another to show what they want to state. This attack uses activities that simulate existent life state of affairss and encourages the pupil to pattern the new linguistic communication speech production it and happening the manner to give significance to their words without the necessity of a perfect grammar. In these activities the pupils can work in braces or groups where they can happen feedback from their schoolmates so they feel less afraid because they find themselves in a friendly context. These activities are more interesting for the pupils because they can utilize their ain thoughts and they do n’t hold to interpret or reiterate words to larn, so they keep motivated. They can take the manner to show their thoughts based on the individual who is listening to them and besides on the context that they are working in. Besides this method is good for the instructor because there is more flexibleness to do activities that seem more like a game giving pupils a relaxed and merriment environment where they can happen replies from their couples. Besides, the appraisal of the pupils is based in measure up the ability to pass on in a right manner. A communicative schoolroom is really noisy because the pupils have to be involved in activities where they can talk and listen to their schoolmates. Besides, they can work stand up and they can be traveling so the category is non deadening. Therefore, they gain assurance and they feel comfy talking the new linguistic communication. The pupils have the duty of their ain acquisition and the instructor acts more like a usher and an perceiver. The communicative method is based on several rules. One of the most used list of rules is David Nunan ‘s ( 1991 ) which describes that: It puts accent in the communicating in the foreign linguistic communication across the interaction. It introduces existent texts in the state of affairs of acquisition. It offers chances to the students to believe about the acquisition procedure and non merely about the linguistic communication. It gives importance to the pupils ‘ personal experiences as elements that they contribute to the acquisition of the schoolroom. It tries to associate the linguistic communication learned in the schoolroom with activities realized out of it. Therefore, the pupils are larning like in the existent life from their experiences and besides from the experiences and feedback from their schoolmates. Besides, they are larning to utilize the linguistic communication in simulations of day-to-day state of affairss, so they are acquiring accomplishments to public presentation in a societal and cultural existent context utilizing a normal linguistic communication non a perfect one like the one used in books. The pupils besides learn to hold coherency when they are talking to do their sentences apprehensible and meaningful. In this sort of schoolroom the pupils work in braces or groups so they can be able to better their interaction whit other people imitating a existent state of affairs holding an interaction that allows them to negociate an discuss uncertainties. Is of import the uninterrupted usage of the mark linguistic communication, here is where the instructor acts as a proctor oversing that the pupils do n’t talk in thei r native linguistic communication in order to hold a existent pattern during the activities. The pupils does n’t hold to act in a specific manner, when a error happens the pupils are non punished, alternatively of that the instructor raters to honor the eloquence and good pronunciation. Besides, in some activities the pupils are free to take what to state and they besides can take the easiest manner to state it. Thus the pupil can develop schemes to larn and measure by themselves. Another of import point is that the pupils have the opportunity to show their feelings and emotions so they feel comfy in category because they feel they are doing an of import part for the acquisition procedure. This method uses an effort to animate the existent communicating but is non precisely the same. It ‘s of import that the pupils use what they learn in schoolroom when they are out of it. In other methods the chief purpose of acquisition is translate words and sentences and larn a perfect grammar that sometimes is sort of useless in existent life, is better to larn how to believe in the new linguistic communication so the pupils do n’t hold to interpret before speak, losing clip and eloquence. At the terminal, the significance is what matters the most. In other words what is of import is the content of the sentence, non the manner to state it. The chief technique in this method is to do activities that promote communicating between spouses. It ‘s of import to hold a desire of communicating doing inquiries and giving replies to advance duologue holding a ground or a subject to speak about. The instructor can put the subject or give the pupils freedom to take it, therefore the pupils have a communicative intent. Sometimes activities in the communicative schoolroom can look unreal because pupils are merely conceive ofing state of affairss and besides because the instructor is largely of the clip following to them which non occurs in existent state of affairss. To avoid this disadvantage, the instructor can seek to utilize more existent stuff like magazines, books, games, etc. I think that this method can be used in a learner-centered schoolroom where the most of import individual is the pupil and all the activities are focused to better the public presentation of the scholar acquiring near to existent life state of affairss. In my personal experience as pupil I have had the opportunity to experiment communicative activities and I truly like them because small by small I ‘m less afraid to talk and to do errors because if I ‘m incorrect normally I have feedback from my schoolmates or from my instructor. Besides this method makes me experience more interested in the new linguistic communication, English in this instance because I like to utilize it non merely in the schoolroom but in my existent life. I would wish to utilize this method in my categories to do them more merriment and interesting and besides to make a friendly environment with my pupils. Mentions: Wikipedia ( 2009 ) Metodo Comunicativo [ Website ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M % C3 % A9todo_comunicativo gt ; [ December 2009 ] Nunan, David. ( 1991 ) . Planing undertakings for the communicative schoolroom. Cambridge Language Teaching Library [ Online Book ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.mx/books? id=NSlMZp9XkHoC A ; dq=david+nunan % 2Bcommunicative+teaching A ; lr= A ; source=gbs_navlinks_s gt ; [ December 2009 ] Harmer, Jeremy ( 1991 ) The pattern of English Language Teaching. Longman.Longman Printing New York. Hedge, Tricia ( 2000 ) Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford University Press Library [ Online Book ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.mx/books? id=VG8NuoGgKJYC A ; dq=hedge+tricia A ; lr= gt ; [ December 2009 ] A Study On Communicative Teaching Education Essay Finally, when we learn to pass on utilizing our mark linguistic communication we do it of course because we are involved in a context that uses this linguistic communication so we get used to talk it in a short clip non by larning grammatical regulations but, as Nunan expresses we learn a linguistic communication â€Å" as a dynamic resource for the creative activity of intending†¦ we need to separate between cognizing assorted grammatical regulations and being able to utilize the regulations efficaciously and suitably when pass oning † . ( 1989 ) When we want to larn a new linguistic communication different from the mark one there are many methods or attacks that we can utilize, all of them for the same intent: Communicate. The communicative instruction attack arises from the dissatisfaction of many pedagogues that are non happy with the audio-lingual method because grammar is difficult to larn and pupils get bored in category because they do n’t happen the existent public-service corporation of the new linguistic communication. Since the pupils were larning how to construct a perfect sentence they did n’t hold the opportunity to pattern existent communicating. This method focuses more on the purpose of communicate and less in the perfect manner to talk because the pupils have to happen one manner or another to show what they want to state. This attack uses activities that simulate existent life state of affairss and encourages the pupil to pattern the new linguistic communication speech production it and happening the manner to give significance to their words without the necessity of a perfect grammar. In these activities the pupils can work in braces or groups where they can happen feedback from their schoolmates so they feel less afraid because they find themselves in a friendly context. These activities are more interesting for the pupils because they can utilize their ain thoughts and they do n’t hold to interpret or reiterate words to larn, so they keep motivated. They can take the manner to show their thoughts based on the individual who is listening to them and besides on the context that they are working in. Besides this method is good for the instructor because there is more flexibleness to do activities that seem more like a game giving pupils a relaxed and merriment environment where they can happen replies from their couples. Besides, the appraisal of the pupils is based in measure up the ability to pass on in a right manner. A communicative schoolroom is really noisy because the pupils have to be involved in activities where they can talk and listen to their schoolmates. Besides, they can work stand up and they can be traveling so the category is non deadening. Therefore, they gain assurance and they feel comfy talking the new linguistic communication. The pupils have the duty of their ain acquisition and the instructor acts more like a usher and an perceiver. The communicative method is based on several rules. One of the most used list of rules is David Nunan ‘s ( 1991 ) which describes that: It puts accent in the communicating in the foreign linguistic communication across the interaction. It introduces existent texts in the state of affairs of acquisition. It offers chances to the students to believe about the acquisition procedure and non merely about the linguistic communication. It gives importance to the pupils ‘ personal experiences as elements that they contribute to the acquisition of the schoolroom. It tries to associate the linguistic communication learned in the schoolroom with activities realized out of it. Therefore, the pupils are larning like in the existent life from their experiences and besides from the experiences and feedback from their schoolmates. Besides, they are larning to utilize the linguistic communication in simulations of day-to-day state of affairss, so they are acquiring accomplishments to public presentation in a societal and cultural existent context utilizing a normal linguistic communication non a perfect one like the one used in books. The pupils besides learn to hold coherency when they are talking to do their sentences apprehensible and meaningful. In this sort of schoolroom the pupils work in braces or groups so they can be able to better their interaction whit other people imitating a existent state of affairs holding an interaction that allows them to negociate an discuss uncertainties. Is of import the uninterrupted usage of the mark linguistic communication, here is where the instructor acts as a proctor oversing that the pupils do n’t talk in thei r native linguistic communication in order to hold a existent pattern during the activities. The pupils does n’t hold to act in a specific manner, when a error happens the pupils are non punished, alternatively of that the instructor raters to honor the eloquence and good pronunciation. Besides, in some activities the pupils are free to take what to state and they besides can take the easiest manner to state it. Thus the pupil can develop schemes to larn and measure by themselves. Another of import point is that the pupils have the opportunity to show their feelings and emotions so they feel comfy in category because they feel they are doing an of import part for the acquisition procedure. This method uses an effort to animate the existent communicating but is non precisely the same. It ‘s of import that the pupils use what they learn in schoolroom when they are out of it. In other methods the chief purpose of acquisition is translate words and sentences and larn a perfect grammar that sometimes is sort of useless in existent life, is better to larn how to believe in the new linguistic communication so the pupils do n’t hold to interpret before speak, losing clip and eloquence. At the terminal, the significance is what matters the most. In other words what is of import is the content of the sentence, non the manner to state it. The chief technique in this method is to do activities that promote communicating between spouses. It ‘s of import to hold a desire of communicating doing inquiries and giving replies to advance duologue holding a ground or a subject to speak about. The instructor can put the subject or give the pupils freedom to take it, therefore the pupils have a communicative intent. Sometimes activities in the communicative schoolroom can look unreal because pupils are merely conceive ofing state of affairss and besides because the instructor is largely of the clip following to them which non occurs in existent state of affairss. To avoid this disadvantage, the instructor can seek to utilize more existent stuff like magazines, books, games, etc. I think that this method can be used in a learner-centered schoolroom where the most of import individual is the pupil and all the activities are focused to better the public presentation of the scholar acquiring near to existent life state of affairss. In my personal experience as pupil I have had the opportunity to experiment communicative activities and I truly like them because small by small I ‘m less afraid to talk and to do errors because if I ‘m incorrect normally I have feedback from my schoolmates or from my instructor. Besides this method makes me experience more interested in the new linguistic communication, English in this instance because I like to utilize it non merely in the schoolroom but in my existent life. I would wish to utilize this method in my categories to do them more merriment and interesting and besides to make a friendly environment with my pupils. Mentions: Wikipedia ( 2009 ) Metodo Comunicativo [ Website ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M % C3 % A9todo_comunicativo gt ; [ December 2009 ] Nunan, David. ( 1991 ) . Planing undertakings for the communicative schoolroom. Cambridge Language Teaching Library [ Online Book ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.mx/books? id=NSlMZp9XkHoC A ; dq=david+nunan % 2Bcommunicative+teaching A ; lr= A ; source=gbs_navlinks_s gt ; [ December 2009 ] Harmer, Jeremy ( 1991 ) The pattern of English Language Teaching. Longman.Longman Printing New York. Hedge, Tricia ( 2000 ) Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford University Press Library [ Online Book ] Available from: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.mx/books? id=VG8NuoGgKJYC A ; dq=hedge+tricia A ; lr= gt ; [ December 2009 ]

Recombinant DNA tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech Assignment

Recombinant DNA tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech - Assignment Example Question Two For a plasmid to act as an effective cloning vector that can transfer the gene of interest into the target cells, it must exhibit the ability to replicate upon entry into the target cells. Moreover, it must have several cloning sites that allow the insertion of the gene of interest. The plasmid must have a defined origin of replication and effective promoters that ensure successful expression of the foreign gene. Question Three Polymerase chain reaction is one of the ways in which the 1kb gene may be quantified. This process yields many copies of the gene of interest, making other analytical processes possible. The modern Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) exhibits a high level of automation, and yields multiple copies of the gene. The second way of yielding great amounts would involve insertion of the gene into bacteria. After replication of the plasmid in the bacteria, the gene of interest multiplies. Question Four In order to identify the genes in the human liver whose e xpression occurs only when under pressure, a cDNA library would be the most effective. This library would focus on the fragments that undergo transcription and expression. Construction of such a library would require the sequencing of the genes of interest and inserting them into a plasmid vector. The library would also have reverse transcribed messenger RNAs for the genes, and this would involve the use of reverse transcriptase to yield DNA complementary to the messenger RNA. Question Five Type II Restriction Endonucleases do not degrade bacterial chromosomal DNA because they exhibit specificity for foreign DNA. It would be irrational for these endonucleases to cleave the host DNA. Therefore, they limit their activity to breaking down foreign DNA into fragments but preserving host DNA. Such specificity has enabled geneticists to develop DNA fragmentation techniques using restriction enzymes found in bacteria. Question 6 A double stranded circular DNA with four recognition sites for the HindIII, would be fragmented into four fragments after digestion. The restriction would cleave the circular DNA at the four recognition sites yielding four independent fragments, contrary to the five that would result after linearization of the DNA. The difference would emerge because of the evident practical observation made by geneticists who have highlighted that circular DNA yields one less fragment after digestion with restriction enzyme, compared to linear DNA with the same restriction sites. Question 7 In order to screen a cDNA library, the high-density screening method would prove to be highly effective. This method requires the use of high concentrations plating. The choice of this screening factor would be motivated by the fact that it presents a platform for the geneticist to analyze the different fragments through the visualization on a single plate. The technique also proves effective when the gene under study codes for a specific protein. Part 2 Question 1 In orde r to separate cells obtained from tissues of normal mice compared to those obtained from mice engineered with highly active muscle cells, a specific method of analysis is required. The first step would involve isolation of cells from both tissues. After isolation of those cells, effective culture would follow to prepare the cells for effective analysis. It would be necessary to isolate the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA from both types of cells. Muscle cells have

Writing assignment of auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing assignment of auditing - Essay Example In my opinion, I think it is appropriate that the cash balances are confirmed under the U.S. Auditing standards. This is mainly because cash amounts are the most liquid part of the business and can easily be stolen from the firm or misrepresented (Kieso 77). Moreover, it could be termed as a control measure to ensure that no cash is lost between the time of recoding and auditing. It may also be trick especially because businesses are in operations whereby the cash balance is expected to vary with business activities. The procedure for cash balances auditing may be a bit different as compared to other forms of audits yet so closely related. The first step is to identify the main purpose of the cash audit; which in this case is to ensure that the balances indicated in the cashbook correspond to the cash balances. This is to ensure than no cash is lost between the time of recording on the balance sheet and the time of auditing the records. The second step is taking into consideration the relevant developments for the cash account. Such developments could be as a result of sales or expenditure among other things. Finally the audit process is conducted to ensure that the balance is consistent. Finally, bank reconciliation may or may not be made. The cash account is one that is under constant risks. To start with, being the most liquid asset, cash can easily be stolen from the company by either the workers or the management. Moreover, it is more likely to be misrepresented due to the fact that it is constantly changing. When controlling cash related risks, caution is taken to avoid confusion with the bank account. More often than not, some transactions are conducted using both accounts and often recorded as one. Additionally, proper planning must be taken into consideration to avoid any risks that might occur in the process (Kieso 77). These risks can be classified into the fraud triangle which has

Contradictions of Character in George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion Essay

â€Å"Manners are the happy way of doing things† according to Ralph Waldo Emerson.   According to Emerson people use manners as a front to make themselves look better.   Inherently, this will lead to a contradiction of the front and the reality.   One such man who is most concerned with manners is the protagonist of Shaw’s Pygmalion, Professor Henry Higgins.   Higgins is a man who displays contradictions within his character.   He is in the business of teaching proper manners, although lacks them himself.   In addition, Higgins is an intelligent man, and yet he is ignorant of the feelings of those around him.   Another apparent contradiction is that Higgins’ outer charm serves to hide his bullying nature. He manipulates Eliza and others around him to serve his own purposes, without any regard for her feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Higgins, a teacher of proprietary manners, lacks those very manners which others pay to learn from him.   Ironically, Higgins believes that he is the greatest teacher of manners.   He announces that in â€Å"three months [he] could pass [Eliza] off as a duchess.†Ã‚   Higgins thinks that he can take any lower class girl and pass her off as a duchess.   He truly believes that he is capable of transforming Eliza.   Once the teaching begins, Higgins shows no respect for others in his life.   When he goes to see his mother, she reminds him that â€Å"[he] promised not to come on† her days when she is having guests.   He ignores this promise to his mother because he believes that his newest experiment is more important than his mother’s insignificant visitors are.  Ã‚  Ã‚   This behavior continues throughout the ... ...ulative experiments on life.   Higgins tries to use his charm to manipulate people into giving him what he wants, but when this tactic fails he resorts to brute force and abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is amazing that a man with such great qualities and characteristics can also have the bad qualities that are opposite of those great ones.   How these traits can coexist in one person does not make sense.   One of the traits must be a false front.   This is the nature of the world.   When two opposites come together in the same place and do not alter each other, then one of them is kept up as a faà §ade.   At any moment in time this faà §ade can move or crack and the true nature of the person will come to light.   People who display too many contradictions in character are usually true hypocrites.

Climate Change Essay

Once, I visited a hospital for my health checkup,there I saw a man with shattered skin,rashes all over the body;clearcut it was the case of allergy.Doctors are rushing and making report on it.After a week I again visited that hospital for my scheduled checkup,then I came to know a shocking news-that allergy case was the case of Ganga bath!! Alas! Holy river Ganga, ancient river Ganga ,that Ganga which takes away all the sins from mankind, today causing allergy,irritation,skin rashes!!! that man has to pay price for his religious belief†¦ Also scientists got some samples from Ganga from specific places having disease causing microbes. This small case itself indicate the change we have made in our nature. Change is the law of nature,change is inevitable and change is evergoing process,but Climate Change is one of the most complex,multifaceted and serious threat that the World face. Whether you are adding your bit to the heap of garbage piling up in your locality or not become meaningless when the garbage begins to rot-the stench will reach your nose too,Climate Change induced by global warming works much the same way. World famous scientists all over the country had evaluated climate change and came to conclusion that Greenhouse Gases ,CFC, Carbondieoxide and many other toxic gases are the cause of environment degradation.Though it is true scientifically,the root lies elsewhere;that is in the greed of human being.Our greed led to adavancement of technology and led us farther from peace and prosperity of all. Increasing consumption of electricity due to intiation of several new industries,disposal of garbage without treatment to maximize profit,use of environment hazardious substances like polythene in our daily life are concrete examples of human greed. People have been influencing the Biosphere for at least 8000 years,since the invention of Agriculture,but Climate Change has proposed a threat over our Agriculture.The most affected area of Climate Change will be Agriculture and its biodiversity. The first and foremost impact of climate change is in biodiversity specially Islands biodiversity.nearly one –fourth of the worlds countries are Island and they are treasure trove of biodiversity.Also they provide food,fresh water ,wood,fibre,medicine,fuel and other raw materials. But increasing sea level has given a alarm threat to them,The New Moore Island of India in Sunderbans has been consumed recently by rising sea,many other Pacific atoll nation Island of Kiribati,Islands of Vanuatu also submerged in early history.we are loosing huge . biodiversity;these are initial cases†¦ Rather IPCC has warned that a rise in sea levels of between 18 and 59cm by 2100 would be enough to submerge many other big islands, including Maldives and make them unhabitable,also of the 724 recorded animal extinctions in 400 years about half were Island species .also climate change will bring degradation of coastal environment and natural resources on which poor rural people depend.Higher rates of erosion and coastal land loss may vanish our islands In context of Agriculture,sea level rise will also cause increased salinity due to encroachment of the sea and saltwater intrusion into freshwater lenses,contributing to an increasing shortage of water supply and loss of agriculture land.The most vulnerable section will be the poor and marginal farmers with small landholdings because ‘extreme weather events’will specially occur in tropics,fundamental changes in rainfall pattern together with rising temperature will shorten growing season and reduce crop productivity . Acco.to World Bank 75% of 1.2 billion people are trapped in extreme poverty,so they will fail to adopt new rotation practices and thus most vulnerable to climate change. World wide farming is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions accouting for 20% of total emissions.Atmospheric concentration of methane has more than doubled during the past 200 years.Natural wetlands,fossil fuels related to natural gas,coal mines coal industry,electric fermentation,rice fields,biomass burning,landfills accont for 75% of methane production in our environment. thus major source of greenhouse gases is agriculture itself. Rice fields are the most significant contributors of atmospheric methane accounting for 11-13% of the world’s total methane production. Also, rice production will need to expand by around 70% over the next 25 years to meet the demands of fast growing human population whose food demand is expected to double in developing world in next 40 years. Thus if we increase our crop area specially staple crop area in near future then the problem of global warming is likely to increase. Already in today’s era 800 million people are unnourished, in India only 30 million people suffer hunger,46% children are underweight and 17000 people are dying per day due to hunger on an average. Thus in near future we are going to face a great threat not only of climate change but also of food security†¦. However, Not all effects of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative, most of the major food crops are C-3 plants including staple food like rice ,wheat, oat, barley will show increase in yield ranging from 25% to 64% due to increased CO2 level, also most of the noxious weed are C4 plants and their growth will be checked. But this is only one side of the coin ,increased temperature due to increase in CO2 level may rise the pest attack up to 25% and fungal disease attack up to 20% and also disturb our monsoon pattern.In an overview it can be said that it will create more and new problem rather than benefits because the worst sufferers would be farmers of Rainfed agriculture which cover 60% of all cultivable lands. Today humanbeings have become dependent on technologies which are dependent on non -renewable resources and produce illeffects in long run.nowdays we say that glaciers are shrinking;may be shrinking but more that the heart of the people and their philosophy is shrinking too.while the drastic effects of global warming has been discussed in many scientific circles,had their run on T.V. and even had well meaning Hollywood films but the need of the hour is to change ourselves,to reduce our luxurious wants. The need of the hour is to develop a) True sustainability,there should be synergies between climate mitigation strategies and development policies in areas of energy efficiency,fuel substitution,renewable ,afforestration,and land and waste management. b) The planning should not be for temporary economic gains and support,but for sustainability in future as well.There should be partnerships with communities,individuals,and private sector to frame effective measures to reduce the impact the effect of climate change. Today we all peoples of the world need to change our habbits ,not only in Agricultural practices but also in our daily life practicices†¦ Switching of fans and light before leaving room ,efficient use of water at home , proper garbage disposal at micro level, though seems to be a very minute step but the huge building of true sustainability will only form above these basic steps because this will be the 1st step against our greed, so step ahead and realize your own responsibility ,because it is not the time to curse the darkness but to light a small lamp. References: 1. â€Å"Know climate change† by Tanya Agarwal 2. â€Å"Global climate change† by Arnold J.Bloom 3. Science Reporter (CSIR) 4. IPCC website