The Sociological Examination Of Crime - 862 Words

According to Gavin, in the text Criminological and Forensic Psychology, many psychologists have attempted to explain crime by coming up with multiple social theories. Gavin states that psychologist suggest that those who commit crimes have â€Å"individual differences† that â€Å"make it more likely than some people to commit crimes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that these social theories say that these crimes are a result of â€Å"the breakdown in social structures†. One of the first social theories that was introduced came about in 1938 by Merton, his theory is known as Strain Theory. Gavin goes on to define Strain Theory as the â€Å"social structures exert pressures which may lead an individual to commit crime†. His theory was a result of determining the â€Å"relationship between society and the values and behavior of members of that society was pivotal in the sociological examination of crime† (Gavin, 54). What strain theory attempts to explain is that crime is a result of instability or problems; for example, pressures of society and societal goals can influence an individual to commit a crime (Gavin, 54). Additional factors that contribute to trying to explain crime and delinquency are provided by psychological theories that suggest and â€Å"try to take account of the group and societal processes that impinge upon the person, but are naturally individualistic, at either the biological, personal or social level† (Gavin 56). However, some actually believe that determining individual traits and trying to link them withShow MoreRelatedSociology : Sociology And Sociological Thinking978 Words   |  4 PagesSociology and sociological thinking are a vital part of society, and through examining both society and individuals, sociology is able to make changes to areas such as policies, and attitudes that may have usually negatively affected them, and instead gained a positive result through the careful research, and applied knowledge. Sociology is the study of groups and individuals and the cause and effects of each, to each other, and overall society. ‘Sociology is a technical and difficult subject andRead MoreTo what Extent Are Prostitution and Drug Use Associated with Sociological Variables?1214 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent are prostitution and drug use associated with sociological variables and are they truly victimless? Prostitution and illicit drug use are contentious topics, not only in North America but around the world. The issues of how to police, as well as whether or not to decriminalize prostitution and drug use are multifaceted and encompass sociological, economic, and health factors. Although there is a general understanding amongst the public concerning the definitions of prostitution andRead MoreAnalysis Of Raffaele Garofalo s The Father Of Criminology865 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple of the Classical School, and upheld the position that wrongdoing can be seen just on the off chance that it is examined by experimental strategies. He endeavored to detail a sociological meaning of wrongdoing that would assign those demonstrations which can be subdued by discipline. These constituted Normal Crime and were considered offenses disregarding the two essential unselfish opinions regular to all individuals, to be specific, honor and devotion. Since it’s an ethical believe that wrongdoingRead MoreA Sociological Aspect of Gang Activity1743 Words   |  7 Pagesmembership. (Covey, 2003). Covey (2003) indicated that the more underprivileged a youth was, the more likely the chances would be of them joining a gang, which is a major concern. Throughout these two pieces of academic literature, two key sociological theories have helped to provide different answers to the research question. Covey (2003) introduced the similarity between underprivileged youth and Karl Marx’s Marxian theory. On the other hand, Esbensen, Winfree, He, and Taylor predicted thatRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal contextRead MoreConflict Theory1445 Words   |  6 Pagesresources. Beliefs about inequality and the imbalance of power become institutionalized and become accepted and unquestioned by both the privileged and the discriminated against; thus the patterns become self-perpetuating and repeating without the re-examination or reorganization that a just society would require. For example, when social placement operates through patriarchal and patrilineal systems, wealth becomes further concentrated in male hands, and further promotes female subservience, neglect, andRead MoreNew Deviancy and Labeling Theory1108 Words   |  5 Pagestheory emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s. It was primarily a radical response to positivist domination of criminology (that crime is the result of individual, physical, and social conditions). The new deviancy theorists believed in free will and creativity. According to this theory, crime is that behaviour which violates the interests of the powerful. The definition of crime or deviance depends upon two activities: one, an act of an individual or a group, and second, another individual or group withRead MoreCriminology: The Evolution of Crime Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology has evolved over history into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change it is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development fromRead MoreDeviance And Crime Within Various Sociological Frameworks992 Words   |  4 Pages Deviance is a social construct that is often observed in society as, â€Å"everyone is a deviant in one social context or the other (Brym and Lie 2015:95). For that reason, sociologists have come up with theories to explain deviance and crime within various sociological frameworks. While some theorists â€Å"focus on the learning and labelling of deviant behaviour, social functionalists direct their attention to the social dysfunctions that lead to deviant and criminal behaviour† (Brym and Lie 2015:102).Read MoreThe Article â€Å"Editorial Defunding Planned Parenthood Hurts1642 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed removal of funds is due to the fact that Planned Parenthood is associated with abortions, which are not highly supported but also ostracized by Republicans. However, Planned Parenthood provides many other reproductive services: â€Å"breast examinations, cervical cancer screenings, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases and infections, contraception and family pla nning, urinary tract infection treatments, and other primary care services† other than abortions. Moreover, abortions

Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Ach Case Study

Essays on Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Achieve Societal Support in Formulating the Carbon Tax Case Study The paper â€Å"Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Achieve Societal Support in Formulating the Carbon Tax" is a pathetic example of a case study on environmental studies. Governments impose a tax as a means to manage the country’s resources. They use the collected revenue to cater to national budgets, projects and wages to its employees. Taxes ensure that the government acquires stability in terms of financial resources. Taxes are useful because they assist the government to support the society in the form of public investments, such as internal security, hospitals, and schools. Environmental protection is fundamental since all form of humankind relies on natural resources for survival. Carbon pollution from industries, burning of fossil fuels and aerosols threatens the existence of natural resources. A country has to ensure that sustainable development occurs so as to protect the future generation’s interests. Carbon emittance degrades the atmosphere by depleting the ozone layer, thus, creating a greenhouse effect. The carbon tax charged by the government is a form of penalty to activities that result in negative effects in society. This means that the carbon tax caters to the social cost involved to clear up the mess created by the pollutants. The political factors of a country influence the impact of tax levied on carbon. Practices of influential organizations such as lobbying with government officials may lead to a reduction in the tax imposed. This makes it difficult for the laid out objectives to be accomplished due to a reduction of funds. It may also lead to a tax increment if the influential organizations argue out a negative utility on the clean-up cost. These factors make the level of production fluctuate, thus, emphasizing the necessity to create a uniform carbon tax.A target audience segment analysis;The target countries on which these carbon taxes should be implemented are those that utilize and emit carbon. This means that the whole world at large is a potential member state to the tax regulatory body. Countries with large carbon usage and emission fight against carbon taxation. They include the United States of America, China, and Russia, since they widely use carbon to produce electricity. The regulatory bodies implement the taxes indirectly through common user practices such as motor vehicles. This is because it is challenging to identify the amount of carbon harm caused by individuals with regards to global warming, once the carbon is in the atmosphere. The countries involved paying taxes in accordance with carbon content. The countries which refute carbon taxes view it as a form of reducing production and job opportunities. The body in charge of carbon and energy taxes is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.Global warmingGlobal warming occurs due to ozone layer depletion by several gases. Carbon dioxide released through human activities creates a significant cont ributor too ozone layer depletion. The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Once the ozone layer erupts, the harmful UV-rays penetrate the earth, thus destroying crops and human health. There occurs global warming due to the increment in waves. This causes the climate to change in the long run. The drivers to climate change include decreased water levels, which in turn leads to poor sanitation levels. This will, in the long run, ensures that human health degrades. Global warming statistics record an increase in temperature by 0.8 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the 20th century. Assessment reports on increment in the ocean and atmospheric temperatures record a double effect for the 21st Century. Events such as a rise in sea levels and global temperature follow due to the greenhouse effect. This mostly affects the arctic region where glaciers and permafrost melting occurs. All these events lead to the global warming controversy which exists in society by the media. This is because the issue of increased rates of temperatures in the future by humans or otherwise has to be accounted for. A cost-benefit analysis, of the most suitable method of controlling carbon emissions, has to occur to enable the government to choose a  method that will not hinder production but will ensure that carbon pollution decreases.

Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds Free Essays

In my opinion, employers should have the right to check applicants’ backgrounds whether or not suspicion of misbehavior, security threats, credit histories, driving offenses etcetera exist. This will ensure employers or companies that they won’t have any ‘problematic employees’ in within the organization. However, even if this should be a right held by the employers, companies, organizations, etcetera, the law states that the they â€Å"do not have unlimited rights to dig into an applicant’s background and personal life† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds or any similar topic only for you Order Now . ). This means that there are certain ‘checks’ that these employers, companies, organizations, etcetera cannot pursue simply because it is forbidden by the law and they can be charged in court if they push through with unlimited ‘checks’ (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The following are the background checks that may be done including the limitations set by the law: First is with regards to â€Å"credit reports† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). The restriction set by the law for this is known as â€Å"the Fair Credit Reporting Act† wherein employers, companies, organizations, etcetera are obliged to obtain a formal â€Å"written consent† coming from the employee/applicant before the former could see the latter’s â€Å"credit report† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The second entails â€Å"criminal records† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers, organizations, companies, etcetera may look into an applicant’s criminal records but this should be done through their lawyer or they should consult the â€Å"Federal Bureau of Investigation† especially if they need an â€Å"employee background investigation† to be carried out or if they wanted to make sure that the applicant has not been involved in violation of the following: â€Å"antitrust laws, trade secret laws, intellectual property laws, economic sabotage, as well as, anti-terrorism laws† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The third involves â€Å"lie detector tests† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). The use of the aforementioned may be allowed only by employers whose businesses involve: â€Å"armored car services, alarm/guard services, pharmaceutical manufacturing distribution, etc† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers, therefore cannot just make an employee/applicant undergo â€Å"lie detector tests† because the latter is protected by the â€Å"Employee Polygraph Protection Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The fourth is with regards to ‘health check’ (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Here, an employer, organization, company, etcetera can always ask the health expert or the health institution if an employee can carry out a certain task; however one cannot ask for the entire medical record of an employee or applicant because doing so is a violation of the â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). In addition to that, health institutions would not give in to such an employer’s request because â€Å"confidentiality of medical records† is a part of the â€Å"American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics†; legal issues will emerge if they violate this (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). Last but not least pertains to the school records of an applicant (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Fortunately, these may be scrutinized by employers however they should be able to get the applicant’s approval before they carry that out (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Applicants are protected because of the â€Å"Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers then should have the right to check on applicants’ backgrounds but only to a certain extent and only those which the law allows. How to cite Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds, Papers

Overview of Agricultural Sector Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Overview of Agricultural Sector. Answer: Introduction The agricultural sector is an inevitable part of the economy that contributes towards the overall development of the country. As argued by Nakamura and James (2015), agriculture has already contributed effectively towards the economic prosperity of different advanced countries. The role of agriculture in employment opportunity creation and economic development of the underdeveloped countries is also undeniable. However, a group of researchers have always argued that though agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic and sociological development of the developed as well as underdeveloped countries, the policy frameworks do not focus much on agriculture. This assignment will emphasise over the fact that most of the time agriculture remains neglected in the development policies while it can play a crucial role through providing food security and creating employment opportunity (Bassino et al 2017). In order to substantiate the aforesaid statement primarily a conceptual overview of the agricultural sector along with its evolution in the context of Japan will be discussed. Later on the contribution of agriculture towards the societal and economic developments of Japan will also be emphasized. Overview of Agricultural Sector of Japan In Japan, agriculture has always played a major role in the country specific culture and traditions since ages. Presently, Japan has turned into a gigantic economy and market its presence as the second largest economy in the world. Highest standard of living which is supported by the continuous and sustained growth of the manufacturing, export and technology (Saito, Osamu, and Masanori Takashima 2016). Nowadays, the role of agriculture has been observed to be reducing by a few percent compared to the total. The growth rate of the agriculture is also lagging behind that of the radical growth rates of the other sectors. However, it can be stated that agriculture in Japan bears a cultural significance as most of the people are now urban and only remain connected to farming, rural life and agriculture for a generation or two. As of now, efforts have been put forwards to protect and secure the traditional agriculture of Japan. However, these efforts gave rise to mixed results meaning it has not affected the specific sector either positively or negatively. Japan as a country has obtained the lions share of its wealth from trading and by exploiting the opportunities of comparative advantage, higher rate of tariff that protects some of the agricultural products can be considered as an exception. The efforts put forward to reserve the resources like land and agricultural labour despite the draw from the various other portions of the economy have helped to maintain the level of domestic production (Lockwood, William Wirt 2015). However, these efforts have also been held responsible for distorted markets, giving rise to unexpected outcomes such as land abandonment, overproduction and speculation. Preserving the production of rice ensures the loss of opportunities for other products, for instance the products lik e fruit, vegetables, specialty meat which in turn can be profitable in a country where land is a scarce factor of production. As per the statistics provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries during the year 2014, the total agricultural, fisheries and forestry production of japan was JPY 8.36 trillion which was equivalent to USD 81 billion. This level of production was below the historical peak value JPY 11.72 trillion which was attained in 1984 (Schandl et al 2016). On a summative note it can be stated that the most important categories in this specific sector where livestock which contributed 35.5% in the total production value as well as vegetables and rice which accounted for 26.6% and 17.1% respectively in the total production value. Role of Agriculture in enhancing economic and social aspects of Japan The role of agriculture in enhancing the economic development and afterwards identifying the methods through which this specific role can be enhanced has been the key issue of discussion in development economics. In other words the countries which are willing to industrialise agriculture is the most common source of resources to them which can be used for serving the investment purposes in the emerging sectors. As it has been stated earlier that agriculture in Japan is amalgamated within its sociological and cultural framework. However, agriculture acts as the cornerstone of any economy it provides the basic requirements and now it also supplies raw materials required for industrialization. The agricultural sector of Japan contributed significantly in fostering its economic prosperity. It is also quite evident that Japan one of the leading industrialized economy of the world was once agriculture based. However, presently the contribution of agriculture in the GDP of Japan is depicting a lowering trend. In 2016, agricultures share was 1.07% of GDP (Reganold and Jonathan 2016). Agriculture also acts as the basic source of food supply for developing, underdeveloped or developed economy. Due to the rapid increase in population the demand for food is also increasing over time and in such a case agriculture provides certain food security. Evolution of Agriculture The prime development of the Japanese agricultural sector took place during the time period of 1880 to 1940 and this is because at this point the agricultural productivity of the country increased significantly (Katz 2014). The magnitude of this increase in the level of productivity and the factors which were contributing towards this gain in productivity could be easily explained with a fair degree of confidence. The physical quantity of output of the six major crops of the country nearly doubled during 1881 to 1940. Similarly the estimated value of the net real incomes produced in the agricultural sector also depicted an analogical expansion pattern (Shankland and Euclides Gonalves 2016). This was quite evident to take place because of the dominant position of the six identified staple crops-barley, rice, wheat, naked barley and white and sweet potato. The table above depicts the output of cocoons as it is considered significantly important for sericulture in Japan which contributed largely in the economic development of the country. However, it is also quite important to note that the radical increase in the output level of cocoons it is noteworthy that the percentage share of cocoons in the gross value of the agricultural products was rather low. During the decades prior to 1910 cocoons contributed to nearly 9 to 10 percent in the gross value of agricultural output. During the decade of 1911 to 1920 the contribution rose to 12 percent and further reached its highest value 16 percent in the year 1920. It again lowered to 12 percent in the 1930s (Watkins et al 2015). However, agriculture is still now considered as a major industry in Japan and it has grown modestly since the past few decades. Japanese agricultural sector grew to $41 billion in 1985 from 12$12 billion in 1970. Further as per the recent statistics available it has reached $58 billion by the end of the year 2013 and thereby made the Japanese agriculture sector ninth largest in the world. Hence it can be stated that since the past few years the agricultural sector though faced a few problems it has managed to achieve and maintain a significant growth rate (Shively 2015). Current problems faced by Japanese agriculture sector The key problem of agriculture in Japan is the unavailability of land particularly because of the higher population density. Farmers are now terracing the hillsides and cultivating the river beds. Though, they are putting extensive efforts only 17 percent of total land area or 16 million acres of land is now available for agricultural purposes. Approximately 46% of this land is used for cultivating paddy and rice while 37% field is used for barley, wheat and other crops. The Japanese people have put significant effort to cope with these issues both before and after the war but the labour productivity remained at a comparatively lower level (Shiva 2016). While the output of the agricultural sector crossed the prewar level of output, the labour productivity increased only by 8% and 5% during 1955 and 1956 respectively. As opined by Moyer, Wayne, and Tim (2017) the key problem associated with the Japanese agriculture is the farmland system. The main issues associated with this matter is that japan needs to design its strategy in such a way that farmland becomes concentrated only among those who are willing and are ready to get involved in the agricultural activities. The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) pointed out that despite putting drastic effort in the scientific and technological aspects and its implementation to increase the agricultural productivity people are barely concerned about the environmental consequences of these activities. Presently, IAASTD have focused on utilizing the knowledge, research, technological and scientific achievements for reducing hunger and thereby providing food security. However, as of now an industrialized country like Japan is more focused on nurturing the service sector and no such effective measures have been taken to improve the present agricultural scenario (Havens 2015). Strategies to cope with the current problems In order to cope with the prevailing problems in an efficient manner during July, 1999 the New Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas replaced the Basic law on Agriculture (Miyazaki 2018). This decision was taken on the basis of the recommendations provided by an advisory committee to mitigate the problems associated with food, agriculture and rural areas. The key focus of the Basic Law of 1961 was to eradicate the inequality of productivity and income between the agricultural sector and service sector. However, the New Basic Law broadened the scope of agricultural policies that included food security, agricultural multi-functionality as well as rural development. The key principles of the new agricultural policy can be summarized as follows, Ensuring stable supply of food: This would be done by enhancing the domestic level of production as a basis along with a suitable combination of stockholdings and imports (Ohkawa et al 2015). Substantiating the multi-functional role of agriculture: Considering the safeguarding of water resources, land as well as natural environment and at the same time conserving the cultural traditions. Developing agriculture in a sustainable manner: Maintaining the level of agricultural production and at the same point of time ensuring appropriate drainage, irrigation system and maintaining the natural cycle will help to maintain the sustainability of the agriculture (Lockwood 2015). Rural development: Through improving the agricultural production and increasing the level of welfare in the rural areas will help to ensure development in those areas. Discussion On the basis of the segments stated before it can be observed that agriculture in Japan lost its importance since ages. As the country started developing through industrialization more importance were given to the service sector and agriculture sector became less important. However, it is also quite evident that agriculture can significantly play a role in the process of development of a country. It can easily assist a country to ensure sufficient scope of employment and at the same time ascertain a constant supply of food. In the development policies designed by the country agriculture remained neglected but the researchers are now stressing on redesigning strategies which will ensure that the agriculture sector gets the importance it needed. Previously the Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas included a few basic legal framework as well as provided the government with a set of suggestions so that it can improve the agricultural sector. Presently it is highly recommended that the government of Japan should try to redesign the previous strategy in an efficient manner so that the agricultural sector gets developed. Conclusion On a concluding note, it can be sated that the essay has focused on the agricultural sector of Japan. At certain point of time Japans agricultural sector ranked the ninth in the world in terms of production. Presently the country is considered among the most developed nations in the world but the contribution of agriculture in the total GDP of the country is significantly low. Though, it is an widely accepted fact that agriculture can assist a country to maintain a subsistence level of living and standard of living. Hence Japan should focus on developing a strategy which will aid its agricultural sector. References Bassino, Jean-Pascal, Stephen N. Broadberry, Kyoji Fukao, Bishnupriya Gupta, and Masanori Takashima. "Japan and the Great Divergence, 730-1874." (2017). Havens, Thomas RH.Farm and nation in modern Japan: Agrarian nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press, 2015. Katz, Richard. "Voodoo Abenomics: Japan's failed comeback plan."Foreign Affairs93, no. 4 (2014): 133-141. Lockwood, William Wirt.Economic Development of Japan. Princeton University Press, 2015. Lockwood, William Wirt.State and Economic Enterprise in Japan. Princeton University Press, 2015. Miyazaki, Tomomi. "Decentralization Reform and Property Tax in Japan: A Consideration of the Benefit Principle." InEconomic Challenges Facing Japans Regional Areas, pp. 173-179. Palgrave Pivot, Singapore, 2018. Moyer, Wayne, and Tim Josling.Agricultural Policy Reform: Politics and Process in the EU and US in the 1990s. Routledge, 2017. Nakamura, James I.Agricultural production and the economic development of Japan, 1873-1922. Princeton University Press, 2015. Ohkawa, Kazushi, Bruce F. Johnston, and Hiromitsu Kaneda.Agriculture and economic growth: Japan's experience. Princeton University Press, 2015. Reganold, John P., and Jonathan M. Wachter. "Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century."Nature Plants2, no. 2 (2016): 15221. Saito, Osamu, and Masanori Takashima. "Estimating the shares of secondary-and tertiary-sector outputs in the age of early modern growth: the case of Japan, 16001874."European Review of Economic History20, no. 3 (2016): 368-386. Schandl, Heinz, Steve Hatfield-Dodds, Thomas Wiedmann, Arne Geschke, Yiyong Cai, James West, David Newth, Tim Baynes, Manfred Lenzen, and Anne Owen. "Decoupling global environmental pressure and economic growth: scenarios for energy use, materials use and carbon emissions."Journal of Cleaner Production132 (2016): 45-56. Shankland, Alex, and Euclides Gonalves. "Imagining agricultural development in southsouth cooperation: the contestation and transformation of ProSAVANA."World development81 (2016): 35-46. Shiva, Vandana.The violence of the green revolution: Third world agriculture, ecology, and politics. University Press of Kentucky, 2016. Shively, Donald H., ed.Tradition and modernization in Japanese culture. Princeton University Press, 2015. Watkins, Andrew, Theo Papaioannou, Julius Mugwagwa, and Dinar Kale. "National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries: A critical review of the literature."Research Policy44, no. 8 (2015): 1407-1418.

An Englishman in New York †The Problem Of UK-US English in Freelance Writing

An Englishman in New York – The Problem Of UK-US English in Freelance Writing An Englishman in New York The Problem Of UK-US English in Freelance Writing An Englishman in New York The Problem Of UK-US English in Freelance Writing By Colin Some people see the differences between American English and British English as a problem. I see them as an interesting challenge. And although the title to this article might indicate that I’m English, I am in fact, a British Scot. I am also fully aware there is more to the United States of America than the wonderful state of New York, but I felt it made a good title, so I went with it. Why Has This Difference Come About? The English language arrived in the Americas with the advent of British colonization in the early 17th century. As the British Empire grew, so too did the language, which by 1921 had incorporated around a quarter of the world’s population (approximately 470–570 million people). Since that time, the form of English used in the Americas (particularly in the USA) and that used in the UK, have diverged in many subtle ways, leading to the individual dialects now more commonly known as American English and British English, or on Microsoft Word, as US English and UK English. What Are The Differences? The main differences that have developed between the two strains of English include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, idioms, and date formatting. A few words have even developed completely different meanings, which can mean something in one dialect, but be a source of embarrassment or insult in the other. Some words may not even be used or are unknown to the other. What Is The Impact? As a freelance writer working from home, I am frequently assigned jobs by companies and individuals, more often than not, from the USA. Telecommuting is an area of freelance writing that I enjoy; working with a local Bed and Breakfast on an advertising leaflet one day, and writing a press release for a US-based dot com client the next. It’s exciting and provides a great way to earn a living. But as this kind of work increases, more often than not I am asked to write articles or essays in the target audience’s own version of the English language. In most cases, this means adapting my work into US English. Is There A Right One Above All Others? No. Clearly it depends on several factors, such as intended readership or editorial preference. A freelance writer should take guidance from both the publication type and the editor when deciding which to use. Where the issue becomes cloudy is when you have a large company with a global audience, or with a company that has separate websites covering different geographical locations. I’ve worked with clients in the past that required two separate articles to be submitted for every one assignment, i.e., one copy of an article in US English for their .com website, and the other in UK English for their .co.uk website. Websites such as our very own Daily Writing Tips, has a global readership, yet the difference in language expectation is highlighted where one readership is of greater number than the other. And so an article written naturally in UK English may stand out against the eye of the US English reader. What Then, For The Freelance Writer? Make a judgment call based on the publication’s intended readership. If there is no information available or it’s too hard to pinpoint, ask the editor. Always remember, though, in the world of freelance writing for the Internet, you won’t be able to please all the people all of the time. But above all, make sure the content is interesting and topical, because if it isn’t relevant, no one will even read it to spot where the differences are. Footnote: Did anyone notice this article was written in US English purely for the benefit of DWT’s US-English speaking readership? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictThe Possessive Apostrophe25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Free Essays on Global Strategy At General Motors

General Motors’ international expansion is being driven by a belief that emerging markets offer the greatest potential for future demand growth. GM is not alone in this belief. Not only are many other automobile firms pursing a similar expansion strategy, but so are firms from a wide range of industries. Although GM has long had operations overseas, until recently these took second place in the company’s Detroit-centric view of the world. Now GM is recognizing that to compete successfully in emerging markets, it is no longer enough to transfer outdated technology and designs from Detroit. It must build a globally integrated corporation that draws on centers of excellence wherever they may be in the world to engineer global cars and state-of-the-art production systems. For all of its economic benefits, though, the trend toward greater integration is clearly causing worry within GM’s units. They fear that an ability to respond to local market needs may be lost in t he process.... Free Essays on Global Strategy At General Motors Free Essays on Global Strategy At General Motors General Motors’ international expansion is being driven by a belief that emerging markets offer the greatest potential for future demand growth. GM is not alone in this belief. Not only are many other automobile firms pursing a similar expansion strategy, but so are firms from a wide range of industries. Although GM has long had operations overseas, until recently these took second place in the company’s Detroit-centric view of the world. Now GM is recognizing that to compete successfully in emerging markets, it is no longer enough to transfer outdated technology and designs from Detroit. It must build a globally integrated corporation that draws on centers of excellence wherever they may be in the world to engineer global cars and state-of-the-art production systems. For all of its economic benefits, though, the trend toward greater integration is clearly causing worry within GM’s units. They fear that an ability to respond to local market needs may be lost in t he process....

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis Assignment

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis - Assignment Example It will be a critical section creating strong fundamentals so that further extensive study will be easier. The second section will talk about critical risks associated with blue ocean strategy as well as alternative models which define the overall strategy. The third section will describe various strategic management theories and strategies and their relationship with blue ocean strategy. The section will also describe ways to overcome the limitations associated with each of these strategies through application of Blue Ocean Strategy. The overall objective of the strategy is to understand the importance of blue ocean strategy and the relevance of its application in current scenarios. Contents 1.Introduction 4 2.Section One 5 2.a. Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy 5 2.b. Listing non-consumers-/non buyers 5 2.c. Sequence of BOS 6 2.d. Buyer experience Cycle 6 2.e. Strategy Canvas 7 2.f. ERRC Grid 7 2.g. To be canvas 8 3.Section Two 8 Critical risks of Blue Ocean Strategy 8 Outside versus in side out strategy 9 Emergent versus rational strategy 10 Adoption process 10 Learning approach 11 4.Section Three 11 Disadvantages of Blue ocean strategy 11 Porter’s Generic Strategy 12 Ansoff’s Matrix 12 Disruptive Innovation 13 Experience Innovation 13 Scenario planning 14 Conclusion 14 Reference List 16 1. Introduction Strategy has been implicitly used in various ways, even though the traditional definition is limited. The 5 Ps of strategy were first coined by Mintzberg (1992); plan, ploy, pattern, position and perspective. Understanding and implementing these elements helps organizations in developing practical, robust and successful strategies for business. Nestle is one of the renowned food manufacturing companies across the globe. It was founded in the year 1865 by Henri, with initial focus on infant nutrition and later, expanded into other confectionary and milk-based products. Nestle has continuously focussed on its core products while diversifying into new an d emerging categories. Nestle company has been chosen for applying the logic of blue ocean strategy because of the extreme industry rivalry as well as maturity of the market. As a result of the constant growth of local competitors, new emerging companies and decreasing demands among consumers, profit margins have become low (Hollensen, 2007). A simultaneous retailer and distributor consolidation has helped in raising their power of bargaining against plethora of wine producers. Fiery battles are fought for distribution and retail space. With no surprise, companies which are weak and poorly run are swept aside. In order to hold its grounds as well as create a sustainable competition, Nestle could think of implementing blue ocean strategy (BOS) as an initiative. Downward pressure on prices of low involvement food products has crept in. BOS could help in creating sustainable differentiation to the company compared to its competitors. 2. Section One 2.a. Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy Foo d manufacturing around the globe consists of an array of industries, differing in inputs and produced goods. In the current scenario, competition is the major concern for Nestle. Food markets as well as ingredient suppliers are facing pressure in terms of higher commodities as well as shelf prices. The fundamental logic of BOS is that it provides high amount of profit growth at lower risk and is applicable to even those industries which are

Should deathrow inmates be required to be organ donors Research Paper

Should deathrow inmates be required to be organ donors - Research Paper Example Other segment of society must also be targeted. Thus, there should be massive educational and awareness programs and other imitative to let the people appreciate the need for organ donation support. The government could consider giving some kind of allowance, benefits and incentives to those who donate their organs. The issue of family role in matters relating to organ donation and donor decision also need to be addressed. Key Words: Death row inmates, Organ, Organ donation, Organ transplant Should death row inmates be required to be organ donors? There have been proposals among various stakeholders including the legislators and scholars that death row inmates be allowed or worse still, required to donate organs shortly before execution. Others have suggested that the death row prisoners should have their sentences converted to life imprisonment without parole upon donating their kidney, bone marrow or any other organ that may be suitable for transplant. This is seen as a useful way of tapping their organs which would have otherwise been wasted upon execution. However, the issue as to whether the prisoners on the death row should be required to donate organs is a very complex one and involving intricate medical, ethical and legal issues all which needs to be resolved if the most appropriate position is to be reached. While donation of an organ by these prisoners may save some patients in a very desperate situation, it is very vital that their voluntary consent is got and that they are not coerced by legislations and policies to donate the organs. Medical perspectives Organ transplant from the prisoners has a lot of potential health risks. A number of homosexual sex scandals associated with the prison life. 1This implies that the prisoners stand a significantly high risk of being with a transmissible diseases and health conditions, particularly HIV and hepatitis. It is very important that any organ to be transplanted to a recipient must be maximally healthy and this depends on the health of the donor. Whereas there are bloods test that the medics concerned may be able to carry to verify the health of the donor prior to donation, the medics submit that these test methods are not and cannot be a hundred percent effective. As such none of the blood test and screening can be trusted to completely rule out the possibility of a donor being free from these transmissible illnesses. This explains why the doctors have always sought to obtain the history of the donors before making their donation. Even the idea of carryon gouty testing and screening itself raises public issues. Because a very rigorous testing process is to be undertaken, to the extent of clearing any scintilla out doubt as to the health risks posed by the donor to the recipient, lots of public funds will be used in testing the prisoner. This follows from the fact that the government’s department concerned will be interested in knowing the prisoners who are fit to donate and th ose who are not. In the long run lots of funds may be wasted. This is in contrast with the optional and voluntary donation, where in most cases only those who are at least certain of their health well being will be going to seek testing. The government will therefore be incurring unnecessary expenditure to meet tests and screening which may in the long run end up not being useful. A lot of time will also be wasted carrying out a routine test of those who are lined to provide organ

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM - Essay Example In fact, it has been proved that organizational practices, which are opposed to existing ethics, are not viable in the long term. Moreover, it seems that in the modern market the alignment of business policies with existing ethical standards or the organization’s social responsibility rules is not always guaranteed. The above problem is most extensive in organizational strategies that are involved in the international market – where the effective control of business policies can be quite difficult. On the other hand, there are organizational sectors that are more exposed to ethical and social responsibility problems: the IHRM is an indicative example. The limitation of the effectiveness of IHRM strategies as reflected in the ethical and social responsibility issues related to these strategies can be addressed by adopting different approaches in all phases of HRM – both in the context of the national and the international market. 1. Introduction The continuous inc rease of competition in the global market has led firms to develop practices, which will help them to improve their position towards their rivals. The human resources management sector of each organization has a key role in the stabilization and the improvement of a firm’s position in its market; however, the practices used by managers for developing the specific sector are differentiated, under the influence of the conditions in the internal and external organizational environment. Current paper focuses on the presentation and the critical analysis of the ethical and social responsibilities issues related to the international human resources management (IHRM) practices. The literature published in the specific field is reviewed and critically evaluated. It is proved that, at a first level, there are certain standards that HR managers need to follow when developing the HRM policies of their organization. These standards can be market driven, referring to the rules applied on a particular market, or organizational driven, referring to the ethics related to the culture and the corporate social responsibility of the particular organization. However, in certain cases, these standards are ignored, usually under the pressure for increasing organizational productivity. In the context of the international market, the above initiatives have even more challenges to face, as explained in the sections that follow. 2. International Human Resources Management – description, overview International human resource management (IHRM) can be described as a complex organizational activity, referring not just to the globalization of a firm’s HRM practices, but also to their appropriate transformation so that they are aligned with the characteristics and the needs of the local market (Perkins and Shortland 2006, 26). From a similar point of view, Briscoe, Schuler and Claus (2008) note that IHRM management needs to address a series of issues developed ‘at l ocal, cross-border and global level’ (Briscoe, Schuler and Claus 2008, 32); Reference is made, as an example, to the staffing, compensation, selection and training of staff at local and international level (Briscoe, Schuler and Claus 2008, 32). Moreover, Stahl and Bjorkman (2006) note that the IHRM refers to ‘the way that organizations that operate across national borders manage their employees’ (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, 68). It is also explained that through the years the framework of IHRM has been expanded including all

The Automated Teller Machines

The Automated Teller Machines Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) have gained prominence as a delivery channel for banking transactions in India. Banks have been deploying ATMs to increase their reach. As at the end of December 2007 as per the RBI circular, the number of ATMs deployed in India was 32,342. More people are now moving towards using the automated teller machines (ATM) for their banking needs. According to a survey by Banknet India, 95% people now prefer this modern channel to traditional mode of banking. Almost 60% people use an ATM at least once a week. Increased ATM usage is also helped by the fact that customers have now the flexibility of using ATMs of other banks, as most of the banks are part of major interbank networks like National Financial Switch (NFS), Mitr, BANCS, Cashtree and Cashnet. The interbank networks have brought together ATMs of several banks so that consumers would gain access to any of the participating banks ATMs. Banks find it cheaper to pay membership fees to these networks as against setting up additional units in expensive-to-deploy areas. ATMs are now seen to be more than mere cash dispensing machines. Customers use ATMs to recharge their mobile phone pre-paid connections, pay their utility bills, even mutual fund transactions making them at par with flexibility given in internet banking only more secure. Of the value-added services provided at ATMs, bill-payment is the most used service, followed by prepaid mobile talk-time recharges. However, still about one third of the respondents do not use any value added services at ATMs. The ATM market in India is not yet saturated. Though the concentration of ATMs is greater in metros, the demand is increasing for other cities and even rural areas. ATMs per million people approximately is 33 units is very low. Experts forecast that the growth rate (CAGR) is expected to grow 18 percent up by 2013. Banks going into a self service model can have huge saving potential for banks and may also increase the convenience for the customers. Following is a representative trend taking into account the growth in the number of ATMs in three of the largest Indian banks: ATM Supply Chain Network Activities Following are the major activities carried out as part of the ATM supply chain or in supporting the ATM services of a bank Maintenance Activities Site Telecommunication Link Cash Refilling ATM Monitoring Handling Customer Complaints Reconciliation of Cash And Interbank Transactions Following is a sample ATM Supply chain network: Bank Head Office ATM Vendors Outsourced Agent Bank Branch 1 Bank Branch 2 ATM As can be seen from the network above, the major participants in the ATM supply chain network are: ATM Vendors If the bank ATM and the related IT infrastructure is outsourced then; the ATM infrastructure is operated and maintained by the ATM vendors for a fees. It provides the advantages of cost efficiency and scalability for the banks Outsourced Delivery agents They are the ones who supply cash to the ATMs. They either have a Vault Cash account where the vendors themselves maintain some cash balance or they have an Overdraft Account with the Bank itself, which gets debited after each withdrawal and credited after the deposit at the ATM. Bank Branches These are the Bank branches in-charge of the various ATMs in a particular area Bank Head Office This is the main office branch of a bank in a particular city or district ATM supply chain IT infrastructure ATM Infrastructure Information flow Delivery Channel Coordinator Switch Network Outsourced Delivery Agents Card Issuers Server ATM Information flow for cash withdrawal and for Credit Cards Information flow for cash replenishment MIS Info ATM It interfaces with the switch network to exchange cash withdrawal, cash replenishment and credit card information Outsourced Delivery Agents They receive information from the delivery channel coordinators to replenish the ATM cash Delivery channel coordinator They receive cash replenishment and MIS information from the switching network. There is always more than one ATM under each Delivery channel coordinator to take advantage of the economies of scale. Also, the channel ordination can be either manually managed or automated. Switch Network The switch server authenticates the user, as well as exchanges cash replenishment related information with the individual ATMs Card Issuers Server The banks host server interacts with the switch network to obtain card withdrawal and credit card information while at the same authenticating the credit card transaction from the Card Issuers Server Delivery Channels Delivery channels are medium for information transmission or cash transmission in a banking context. They are also known as touch-points, which deliver service to the end-user in his convenience. The primary medium of touch-point was the brick-mortal form of banking. However as time passed, and information technology proliferated banks were able to extend the touch-points to various other forms such as: Automated Teller Machines (ATM) Point of Sale (POS) Mobile Banking Internet Banking The delivery channel innovation was started by private banks foreign banks after the 1991 reforms when many banks were allowed to carry out operations in India. Advantages of Delivery Channels Deliver channels provide the following benefits to users Easy access 247 availability Security, Reduced transaction costs Options of access per convenience Acceptance Implementation Old generation banks with little or marginal systems have acceptance issues with the disruptive technologies of internet. The acceptance issue also comes with many of the old generation customers who believe in losing the personal touch of banking. Implementation issues center around the following: Centralization of Data Multiple technologies for different systems Security issues (Customer end/Banking end) Multiple interface for different channels Synchronization of information across channels Currency Distribution Banks need to maintain a certain level of cash in order to service its daily withdrawals. There is an entire supply-chain in place which helps in ensuring the same. Below is a diagram of how money travels from the press to the various banks ATM Presses/Mints Public Press-linked offices Currency Chest offices (Banks) An overview of the supply-chain of Banks The presses and mints where notes and coins are printed are under the RBI. The money from the mints and presses is moved daily to the 19 press-linked offices. These are sent to the nearby zonal currency-chest banks, essentially Banks which store current called as Chest offices. There are in all 4279 chests and 4040 coin depots. Functions of the Chest office Fulfills the requirement of peoples funds Withdrawal and acceptance of unfit notes Payments to Governments Operates with minimum balance at all times Each day the records are maintained for the issue/acceptance of currency. It also has to maintain the asset-liability position in cash management. Currency in Circulation Just as a manufacturing supply chain deals with product varieties also known as SKUs, the currency supply chain also has its SKUs through various denominations. The shift towards higher denominations was observed since the wide-usage of ATMs. Various steps were also taken to phase out Rs .5/- notes and replacing with coins for many such low denominations Source:RBI Docs, Currency Management, Section VIII, Dt. 27/08/2009 Clean-Note Policy To ensure the life of currency notes, RBI issued a directive to all bank offices to cease the stapling of notes and instead band them and the soiled notes be returned to RBI. But devalued stapled notes were still lying with banks. IT systems were used to create a Currency Verification Processing (CVP) system. This categorized notes into Fit, Unfit, Reject and Suspect categories. A Citizens charter was also issued providing guidelines on how to identify soiled notes and steps to be taken to return to RBI. However due to implementation issues kept the proportion of soiled notes in circulation from 15.9 million pieces (2002-03) to 10.9 million (2008-09). Logistics Distribution Challenges Each bank generally arranges for personal logistics service with police protection. Security vans are used for short-distances and train for longer distances. The extent and size of the country poses a significant problem in meeting need for currency at various pockets in India. Following are some of the issues faced in distribution Security availability of railway wagons Political boundaries that inefficiently defining jurisdiction of Issue offices which lead to suboptimal logistic services Moving currency across touch-points an exercise that is avoidable is generally carried out Private security is not desirable and police cant be dedicated for this exercise Various existing distribution systems of milk-cooperatives, post-offices, coin-dispenser mechanisms and a directive to issue bulk users with a certain proportion of coins was made. Supply Challenges With 4 printing presses, supply after 1999 was not a problem, but the pace of notes replacement made quality of notes deteriorate. Since the notes that were returned came unsorted there were inefficiencies in understanding the outflow of currency from system. In order to develop capacities to free-up vault space in banks various measures like shredding systems in all offices were setup. Demand-forecasting among banks Banks carry out demand-forecasting using statistical analysis using long-term historical demands to calculate forecasts. These aim to serve the following needs: Incremental needs As and when money is needed by RBI, the presses supply Replacement needs Money is needed to replace specific notes, which are soiled or disfigured Reserve needs Emergency requirements to fulfil reserve requirements by banks Technology in Currency Operations With such a vast network of banks, the Reserve Bank established Integrated Computerized Currency Operations and Management Systems (ICCOMS) which helped in error-free reporting and accounting of chest-level transactions. Security in distribution and ATM Security is increasingly becoming more significant in network environment with the emergence of the internetworking technology. The internetworking technology can act as or provide the communication channels across networks so that machines in different networks can talk to each other. But such kind of technologies like ATM is exposed to all kinds of attacks in such an accessible environment. Most of the network technologies, without integrating with security mechanism originally, are being redesigned to provide some security services. ATMs attempts to be secure by keeping the customers personal identification number (PIN) and other information safe by using encryption software such as Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard) Threats to ATM networks Like other such networks, ATM networks suffer a lot of threats like eavesdropping, spoofing, service denial, VC stealing and traffic analysis etc. And VC stealing and traffic analysis happen only in ATM networks. Eavesdropping Eavesdropping refers to the threat that the attacker connects or taps into the transmission media and gain an unauthorized access to the data. It is one of the most common attacks to the network. Service Denial ATM technology is a connection-oriented technique managed by a set of signals. By sending some anti-signals frequently, the attacker can disturb the communication between user A and user B to a great extent which can disable the Quality of Service(QoS) in ATM. Combining this technique with other tricks like eavesdropping, the attacker can even completely block one user from another. Stealing of VCs If two switches in an ATM network compromise, the attacker can even steal a VC from another user. Some argue that possibility of compromising of the switches is quite low but that is true only if the ATM network is owned by one organization. But this is not the case today since in ATM internetworking, in which case cells travel through different ATM networks, it becomes very easy for two switches to compromise. Traffic Analysis Its a kind of threat in which a hacker can get information by collecting and analyzing the information (not the actual content of communication) like the timing, volume and about the parties communicating through a Virtual Circuit. Encryption effects only the content and not the timing and volume of the communication. So gaining access to even these can reveal a great deal of information to an attacker. Generally this attack doesnt happen but can happen when ATM is used in a highly stringent and securitised environment. Major requirements/functions of an ATM security system User Identity Verification: The system should have the facility to establish and verify the identity of all the users and players in an ATM network. Controlled Access and Authorization: The system should ensure that any player without authority to gain access to some information or resources should not be able to access it. Protection of Confidentiality: Every data that is stored or used in communication should be kept classified. Protection of Data Integrity: Guarantee regarding the integrity of the stored communicated data should be given by the Security system. Strong Accountability: The system should ensure that No entity is able to deny the responsibility of its any of the actions or efforts carried out by her. Activities Logging: The security system should support the capability to retrieve information about security activities in the Network Elements with the possibility of tracing this information to individuals or entities. Alarm reporting: Provision of generation of alarm notifications regarding certain selective events related to security. Audit: Provision of analysing of data logged into the system in case of any security violation so that required measures can be used and checks can be installed. Security Recovery: Provisions of recovery from successful or attempted security violations. Security Management: Proper management of the security services required as a part of above requirements. Suppliers of cash main source: Central bank The most important requirement of an ATM is one major motive behind the technology i.e. making money easily available to the customers. Traditionally there have been a number of suppliers of cash starting from unorganised money lenders in the past to the modern banks today. A bank is a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and gives loans to customers using those deposits. Can be commercial or retail banking or the money can be lend either directly to the customer or also through the use of markets. Banking channels Apart from their branches, bank offers many different channels to access their banking and other services. Among these, few channels help the customers in carrying out transactions without the involvement of real cash. These are E- Mail, Telephone, Call banking, Mobile and Video banking etc. In addition to all these channels, banks provide a source of real cash called ATM through a machine that dispenses cash and sometimes takes deposits without the need for a human representative from bank side. Major source of money: Central Bank A central bank is a banking institution with an exclusive privilege to lend to its government. It behaves both as a normal commercial bank wherein it charges interest on the loans made to borrowers, majorly the government of the country the bank exists for and also as a lender of last resort wherein it lends to the banks when situation is not too good or as a part of the statutory requirements. But Central bank has a monopoly on creating the currency of that nation and it is the kind of bank that can lend money to other banks in times of need. It is the major source of money in a market and acts as the regulator of money supply too. Security in Distribution on and ATM Security is increasingly becoming more significant in network environment with the emergence of the internetworking technology. The internetworking technology can act as or provide the communication channels across networks so that machines in different networks can talk to each other. But such kind of technologies like ATM is exposed to all kinds of attacks in such an accessible environment. Most of the network technologies, without integrating with security mechanism originally, are being redesigned to provide some security services. ATMs attempts to be secure by keeping the customers personal identification number (PIN) and other information safe by using encryption software such as Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard) Major requirements/functions of an ATM security system User Identity Verification: The system should have the facility to establish and verify the identity of all the users and players in an ATM network. Controlled Access and Authorization: The system should ensure that any player without authority to gain access to some information or resources should not be able to access it. Protection of Confidentiality: Every data that is stored or used in communication should be kept classified. Protection of Data Integrity: Guarantee regarding the integrity of the stored communicated data should be given by the Security system. Strong Accountability: The system should ensure that No entity is able to deny the responsibility of its any of the actions or efforts carried out by her. Activities Logging: The security system should support the capability to retrieve information about security activities in the Network Elements with the possibility of tracing this information to individuals or entities. Alarm reporting: Provision of generation of alarm notifications regarding certain selective events related to security. Audit: Provision of analysing of data logged into the system in case of any security violation so that required measures can be used and checks can be installed. Security Recovery: Provisions of recovery from successful or attempted security violations. Security Management: Proper management of the security services required as a part of above requirements. Suppliers of cash main source: Central bank The most important requirement of an ATM is one major motive behind the technology i.e. making money easily available to the customers. Traditionally there have been a number of suppliers of cash starting from unorganised money lenders in the past to the modern banks today. A bank is a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and gives loans to customers using those deposits. Can be commercial or retail banking or the money can be lend either directly to the customer or also through the use of markets. Banking channels Apart from their branches, bank offers many different channels to access their banking and other services. Among these, few channels help the customers in carrying out transactions without the involvement of real cash. These are E- Mail, Telephone, Call banking, Mobile and Video banking etc. In addition to all these channels, banks provide a source of real cash called ATM through a machine that dispenses cash and sometimes takes deposits without the need for a human representative from bank side. Major source of money: Central Bank A central bank is a banking institution with an exclusive privilege to lend to its government. It behaves both as a normal commercial bank wherein it charges interest on the loans made to borrowers, majorly the government of the country the bank exists for and also as a lender of last resort wherein it lends to the banks when situation is not too good or as a part of the statutory requirements. But Central bank has a monopoly on creating the currency of that nation and it is the kind of bank that can lend money to other banks in times of need. It is the major source of money in a market and acts as the regulator of money supply too. nation and it is the kind of bank that can lend money to other banks in times of need. It is the major source of money in a market and acts as the regulator of money supply too. Demand Projections for ATMs Most ATMs are connected to international bank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank or country where they have their account. Serving the ATMs network is a costly task: it takes employees time to supervise the network and make decisions about cash management and it involves high operating costs (financial, transport, handling, insurance etc.). As interest rate rises and greater operating efficiencies become paramount. Some banks typically maintain as much as 40% more cash at their ATMs than whats needed, even though many experts consider cash excess of 15% to 20% to be sufficient. Cash related costs represent about 35-60 % of the overall costs of running an ATM. Through currency management optimization, banks can avoid falling into the trap of maintaining too much cash and begin to profit by mobilizing idle cash. Effective currency management and control starts with an automated solution that uses advanced algorithms to accura tely predict currency supply and demand, allowing banks to forecast demand and pro-actively manage currency throughout their network. Transportation and servicing cost increase can be substantial for banks. To achieve the lowest cost of distribution based on accurate supply and demand forecasting and optimization procedures is critical for a bank to lower its operational expenses and improve the return on its cash assets. What is expected of a forecast model of the ATM network is that it simulates historical demand by using data from actual cash-in transactions and cash-out transactions. The historical demand model is overlaid with additional factors, such as paydays, holidays, and seasonal demand in a specific area. Analytical models are aligned with the experience of resources that have intimate knowledge of the banks daily operations and are used to determine the optimum cash amount for each ATM by calculating the transport and money upload costs against interest rates. Cash drawings are subject to trends and generally follow weekly, monthly and annual cycles. An appropriate model for a bank and its branches or ATMs should estimate optimal amount of stocked money plus efficiently manage and control day-to-day cash handling, transportation with reducing of currency transportation and servicing costs. The system should be flexible enough to allow the bank to reforecast future demand, perform WHAT IF analyses, and optimize the network as the cash distribution environment evolves. Cash demand forecast for every ATM is based on linear regression models with seasonality coefficients. The development of such models is relatively complicated and differs for various ATM. Therefore preparation of forecasting models for whole ATM network is difficult task for owners of machines. The parameters of forecasting models are determined in the system implementation stage and are held constant during the operation phase. However, business environment changes continually in real world and, therefore, the model parameters must be also adapted to the changing environment. A recent paper on the optimization techniques proposes the use of artificial neural networks combined with existing what-if analysis tools and simulation modelling procedures. This advanced method will handle the drawbacks of simple regression models but will be more accurate in projecting the demand. Off-late a few advanced software packages developed by traditional financial network giants like Visa are also available that provide powerful cash management facility. Publicly available data regarding these software packages suggest that they also use multi-regression models for prediction purposes. Network optimization models for cash distribution to various ATMs are also important to reduce the costs across the supply chain. In the first instance, it can be very valuable to coordinate cash uploading and service procedures while visiting the ATM network. Coordinated route planning for maintenance of various ATMs could also reduce the ATM networks management costs significantly. Issues in Currency Identification Counterfeit currency notes is one of the biggest problems that are currently plaguing the cash distribution network. A lot of people suffer from this while withdrawing cash from an ATM when they inadvertently receive a fake note in a bundle of proper bills. It is difficult to prove accountability in case of such an incident and fix blame. Of the 48,963 million pieces of currency in circulation in 2009 398,111 pieces were found to be counterfeit. RBI has come with a set of recommendations to be implemented across the distribution network that forms the supply chain of cash distribution to check counterfeit, maintain quality of notes in circulation, strengthening of security systems and procedures and fixing accountability in case of human error. These recommendations are as given below: (A) Measures for facilitating detection of counterfeit notes and maintaining quality of notes in circulation (i) Note Sorting Machines (NSMs) / Desktop Sorters may be installed in all bank branches in a phased manner for early detection of counterfeit notes. (ii) Banks may ensure the quality of the notes fed in ATMs. They may conduct periodic audit of the agents used for outsourcing this activity viz. the CIT companies. Banks may switch over to the cassette swap system for feeding the ATMs. New ATMs installed may be provided with in built note detectors. Over a period existing ATMs may also be required to have in built note detectors. (iii) Performance parameters of NSMs may be standardized by RBI to ensure that all NSMs installed adhere to the laid down standards for detection of counterfeit notes. (iv) RBI may ensure that the plan for withdrawal of notes of old series is implemented strictly as formulated and that the new series of banknotes with more robust security features be introduced as early as possible. RBI may also facilitate R and D efforts for development of new security features. (v) Where any person inadvertently in possession of counterfeit notes upto five (5) pieces tenders the same at a bank counter, the requirement of filing FIR may be done away with. A simple report may be filed with the branch which in turn may include this in the Counterfeit Currency Report (CCR) to FIU-IND / RBI. (vi) RBI may review the system of incentives and disincentives for detection and disclosure of counterfeit notes while assisting the enforcement agencies in dealing appropriately with those involved in making and distribution of counterfeit notes. (B) Measures relating to cash holding and distribution (vii) RBI may stipulate suitable cash holding limits for all currency chests beyond which the cash should necessarily be moved to a chest with larger limits or to RBI. (viii) Each RBI office may undertake a review of the requirement of currency chests in their jurisdiction based on the volume and nature of transactions, accessibility of the chest and other factors including security so as to rationalize the number of chests and upgrade the facilities thereat for better security and efficiency. (ix) To tap advantages arising out of economies of scale, minimize overnight cash risks at bank branches and to benefit from sophisticated logistics techniques banks may be encouraged to establish Currency Processing Centres, which should be permitted to charge other banks for processing services. (x) As NSMs have to be installed at all branches for sorting notes before dispensation, banks will have to make necessary investments. The cost of such investments will need to be recovered from the bulk tenderers of cash. Banks may put in place a transparent policy for such charges of cash handling/processing with the approval of their respective boards as already advised by RBI vide its DBOD directive DIR.BC.86 / 13.10.00 dated September 7, 1999. (xi) RBI may take initiatives in promoting use of cards and electronic means of payment. (C) Measures for strengthening security systems and procedures (xii) RBI may explore enlisting the services of a specialized and dedicated force / other approved agencies to provide security at chests and for movement of treasure. (xiii) RBI may explore upgradation of the security systems in currency chests and RBI vaults incorporating electronic bio-metric access, electronic locking of bins, and surveillance through Closed Circuit Television (CCTVs). Networking of CCTVs at chests within the jurisdiction of a controlling office of the bank may be explored for better surveillance. (xiv) Tamper-proof shrink wrapping of soiled notes with bar coding of details of the branch remitting them may be introduced. (xv) A system of quarterly security audit of currency chest branches by controlling offices may be introduced. Comprehensive guideline / format may be prepared by RBI /IBA. (xvi) A system of risk based inspection of currency chests may be introduced by banks / RBI taking into account various parameters for evaluating the extent of risk. (xvii) Banks may draw up a contingency plan / disaster management plan in consultation with local police. (xviii) RBI may explore the possibility of introducing a defacing system of self inking / marking of banknotes in transit or in chests, which would automatically trigger-in if there is an attack / attempted robbery/ theft etc. (D) HR Measures (xix) Banks may modify their transfer pricing policy or equivalent policy so as to pass on the benefit on account of having a currency chest to the branch where the chest is maintained. (xx) Rotation of staff posted at currency chests may be ensured to prevent vested interest and entrenched non adherence of laid down systems and procedures. (xxi) Where deviations and irregularities are found, controlling offices may take immediate punitive action after fixing accountability. (xxii) Bank may accord recognition to currency handling operations as a sensitive and skilled activity and provide necessary incentives and training. A. Dis

Essay --

　　　　I am an aficionado of the extreme sports. Today, extreme sports have been accepted by all over the world. In this regard, an increasing number of people are actively participating in extreme sports. They are different from other sports in that it needs not only excellent competitive level, but also a great measure of courage. They have been christened "the game of the brave". I have always likened extreme sports to art, until I fell from the skateboard and realized there are many risks in extrema sports. I try to explore the psychological and sociological factors that form part of the culture of this exciting sport, as well as how the society views those involved in this sport considering its risks. Let me begin by reiterating that an extreme sport is about extreme risks and danger. The activities that constitute extreme sport involved extreme risks that no measure of change in rules can eliminate. Questions continue to arise about such spo rts, whether it is ethical and the society should continue to permit it. By definition, these sports tend to involve an element of great speed, great heights, and a great degree of physical exertion. Some extreme sports that are becoming more common in today’s society include surfing, skateboarding, rock climbing, rafting, and mountain biking among many others. Research continues to study the motivation behind these forms of sport despite the very clear knowledge of the risks and dangers that come as a part of them (Mcnamee 15). 　　　　Additionally, people are trying to study the co-relation between these sports and the population that it majorly attracts together with the personality types that have been observed to dominate these sports. This knowledge people suppose will help dr... ... sense as well as an observable quality of personal sameness and continuity, paired with some belief in the sameness and continuity of some shared world image" (Self, et al., 185). 　　　　In conclusion, it must be considered that people have personal rights in whatever they choose to. A rule with a moral reason as Amartya Sen calls them. He argues that if there is a moral right to take personal risks, it would be morally wrong to stop a person from taking such a risk (McNamee 47). One of the pertinent problems in relation to voluntary risk taking is whether the risk is reasonable relative to what one wants to achieve. First we need to find a degree of probability of harm or injury as a result of the action. Secondly, we must look at the seriousness of the harm caused. Are extreme sports valuable, are they morally acceptable or should some of them be prohibited by law.

Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds Essay

Management Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management is an important aspect of any organization. For an organization to be successful, it is important that there should solid management carried out by managers. All companies that are successful have often ensured that they have a sound and strong management system as well as capable managers that can help in achieving the objectives of companies. Task 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A manager can be described as an individual that has been placed in a position of authority to oversee the operations of an organization. Management is the art of overseeing the operations of an organization by ensuring that all operations are in line with the objectives of the company (Csaszar, 2012). An organization is any entity that is focused in achieving a collective objective. Managers as mentioned are persons in positions of authority within an organization that are tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the operations of a particular organization. Managers are the decision makers within an organization and every decision that they make is often implemented with an aim of meeting the objectives of the organization(Aquinas, 2010). The success of any organization greatly depends on the managers as they are the decisions makers that influence success. For example, when there are operational changes to be made such as the rate of production within an organization, a manager is deeply involved in providing the much needed guidance as well as making the final decision on what steps to undertake (Aghina, Smet,& Heywood, 2014). With the approval of the manager, the rate of production can be increased which can then help the company to attain more revenue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, managers are important within organizations since they perform the function of planning. It is the duty of the manager to plan how operations will be carried out and how each project within the organization will be undertaken. For example, if an organization has an objective of improving on its sales, the manager will be involved in the planning process by deciding the necessary steps that need to be taken for the project to be accomplished(Aquinas, 2010). Furthermore, it is important to note that managers are important in that they play the role of organizing. This involves formation of teams as well as providing the appropriate resources that can be used in completing tasks(Janićijević, 2013). Organizing also involves giving authority as well as assigning the staffs in the company respective duties. Managers are also important within organizations because they provide the staffing and make decisions on human resource s. After assessing the needs that certain operations within an organization require, a manager will take the responsibility of sourcing for the right employees, recruiting as well as ensuring that they are capable of handling the duties(Aghina, Smet, & Heywood, 2014). The human resource manager is often the person in charge of staffing and ensures that there are enough staffs that can carry out the operations for the success of an organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from the above important roles of a manager, they are also important because they provide leadership. The success of an organization will greatly depend on the type of leadership that is offered within the company(Koontz, &Weihrich, 2007). Managers often motivate, guide, communicate as well as encourage the employees under their leadership to perform well within the company. The managers also are important towards the success of an organization since they help employees in solving problems that they may face in the course of carrying out their duties. Therefore, through the leadership qualities, managers are able to help a company or business become successful. Finally, managers are importance within an organization since they provide control within an organization(Janićijević, 2013). It is important that there must be frequent and continuous checks to ensure that operations of an organization are in line for the success of t he company. Therefore, to ensure that all things run as required and that there are no loopholes in the operations of an organization, a manager must be available. Task 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational structure refers to the arrangement in a hierarchical order which depicts the lines of authority as they are supposed to be within an organization. Furthermore, organizational structure depicts the channels of communication, duties as well as the rights as they should flow within the organization from the top ranking officers to the lower or junior employees. Organizational structure is of great importance because it helps in outlining how an organization operates in terms of roles, responsibilities as well as the powers and how they are assigned to each person in the company (Koontz, &Weihrich, 2007). It helps in ensuring that there is proper coordination of operations within an organization and proper control is maintained to avoid conflicts. Furthermore, it is also to be noted that organizational structures within organizations are important in identifying how information flows within the organization. PRESIDENT/CEO Figure 1: Organizational chart VP-PRODUCTION VP-MARJKETING VP-SALES MANAGER1 MANAGER1 MANAGER1 MANAGER2 MANAGER2 MANAGER2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The different levels of management, that is the top level, middle level, as well as the bottom level management often work closely with each other to ensure that the primary objectives of an organization are net both in the short run and in the long run. It is important to observe that the organizational structure of any given company will primarily depend on the objectives of the organization as well as its strategies (Krot, &Lewicka, 2012). When an organization has a centralized structure, it means that the overall decision making within the organization is made at the top level management of the company. Furthermore, under a centralized structure, the top management has great and tight control over all the divisions as well as the departments within the organization and often those departments have different levels of independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An organizational structure is important in that it helps to outline what steps different stakeholders need to take when dealing with the organization. Furthermore, it is to be noted that organizational structure helps in maintaining accountability(Aquinas, 2010). Through an organizational structure, one is able to know who is supposed to be held responsible in case certain things happen in the company. Every person has their roles outlined in the structure hence high level of accountability is maintained. It is also important in the success of an organization because it helps in the maximization of resources (Rolà ­nek, Vrchota, Kubecovà ¡, &Ã…  varovà ¡, 2014). The organizational structure is important because the resources can be allocated properly by following the right channel of communication as outlined by the structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In an organizational structure, the different levels of management are involved in making different types of decisions for the benefit of the organization (Chisa, 2014). It is to be noted that the strategic decisions which are often long term decisions of an organization are made by the top level management. These are decisions which shape as well as direct the operations of an organization as a whole and therefore the senior managers are the ones that make such decisions. The top level management often make their decisions which affect the stakeholders of the organization such as the shareholders as well as the internal stakeholders. The impact of the strategic decisions can be said to be greater than the impact of the operational decisions since the strategic decisions influence the tactical and the operational decisions to be made by other managers. On the other hand, the tactical decisions within an organization are often made by the m iddle level management. These are decisions which are made and help in the implementation of the strategies of an organization(Aquinas, 2010). The middle level management work closely with the top level management so that the strategies formulated and the tactical decisions made by the middle level management can result in to positive results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tactical decisions will often rely on market research and data to ensure that the implementation of the strategies provide positive results in the long run. Finally, the operational decisions within an organization are often made by the middle or the junior management in an organization (Takahara, &Mesarovic, 2003). These decisions often involve the daily routine activities that are performed within the organization. For example the decision to change shift for employees from time to time is an operational decision made by a junior manager. Task 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unilever Plcis one of the multinational corporations that deal in consumer products as well as services across the globe. The vision and mission of Unilever Plc is â€Å"helping people to look good, feel good and get more out of life.† The vision and mission of the company is to provide customer with consumer products that are of high quality and affordable (own website). The corporate strategy which Unilever has continued to use is that of providing products that meet the expectations of the consumers as well as ensuring that the prices are affordable hence attractive to customers. Packaging and branding is another corporate strategy the company has been using, ensuring that all its products are packaged in a unique way(own website).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SWOT analysis refers to the analysis conducted on a company to check on its strengths, weaknesses, the various opportunities it has as well as the threats that it faces in the course of carrying out its operations (Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). This analysis helps in determining whether a company is in a better position as compared to its competitors and can help in making important decisions. It helps in identifying opportunities which a company can take on as well as the weaknesses which a company can build on to improve its performance. Unilever makes use of the SWOT analysis to help make major business decisions such as the pricing of its products as well as packaging and how to handle competition(Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). Under SWOT analysis, the strengths of the company include innovation and new products launching, a strong portfolio for its brands as well as it has made strategic acquisitions. The weakness of the company is r ecalling of its products which affects its revenue. The opportunities include growing new markets such as home and personal care(Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). However, it is faced with the threat of counterfeit products in the market. Organizational culture is also important in performance of a company. In the case of Unilever, the company can improve its performance if its changes its culture of having a wide range of products under one brand (Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). The company needs to rebrand and have different portfolios for its products categorized for each consumer group. References Aghina, W., De Smet, A., & Heywood, S. (2014).The past and future of global organizations. Mckinsey Quarterly, (3), 97-106. Aquinas, P. G. (2010).Organization structure and design: Applications and challenges. New Delhi: Excel Books. Chisa, E. (2014). Evolution of the Product Manager.Communications Of The ACM, 57(11), 48-52. doi:10.1145/2669480 Csaszar, F. A. (2012). Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 611-632. doi:10.1002/smj.1969 Janićijević, N. (2013). THE MUTUAL IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND STRUCTURE.EkonomskiAnali / Economic Annals, 58(198), 35-60. doi:10.2298/EKA1398035J Koontz, H., &Weihrich, H. (2007).Essentials of management: An international perspective. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Krot, K., &Lewicka, D. (2012).THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUST IN MANAGER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIPS.International Journal Of Electronic Business Management, 10(3), 224-233. Rolà ­nek, L., Vrchota, J., Kubecovà ¡, J., &Ã…  varovà ¡, M. (2014).THE LEVEL OF PROCESS MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES APPLICATION IN SMEs IN THE SELECTED REGION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC.Serbian Journal Of Management, 9(2), 203-217. doi:10.5937/sjm9-6376 Takahara, Y., &Mesarovic, M. (2003).Organization structure: Cybernetic systems foundation. London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Unilever SWOT Analysis. (2012). Unilever SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Source document

Airport Extension Project essays

Airport Extension Project essays The airport runway extension took place on a large international airport that was in need of a mile long runway to accommodate the newer bigger jumbo jets to be produced in the near future. In order to fulfill this requirement, their largest runway needed to be extended 1000 feet. However, the budget and time restraints required that the project begin on February 1, 1999, be finished in 18 months, and cost less that 8 million dollars. This airport had one major problem. The longest runway could only be extended over a large ravine that housed a four lane interstate highway and three sets of operating railroad tracks. This dilemma greatly increased the time and cost of the project; however, with the use of detailed scheduling and estimating, the project was made to easily fall within the time and cost requirements. BJG Construction began on both the railroad and the highway tunnel, and everything went smoothly until the lid construction began. The beams that were involved in the lid construction were ordered at the start of the project and were to be delivered within 12 weeks. However, due to complications at the supplier, the delivery date was pushed back a full 13 weeks which immediately pushed this task onto the critical path. Furtherm...

Tale of Two Cities essays

Tale of Two Cities essays The theme of rebirth is common in Charles Dickenss A Tale of Two Cities. Many characters are re-born or resurrected as they grow emotionally. They find meaning in their lives and become better people through love. The love that makes this rebirth possible comes through the character of Lucie Manette. Lucie Manette, the female heroine of this book, is the source of the resurrections of Dr. Manette, Mr. Lorry, Charles Darnay, and Sydney Carton. Lucie Manette is a compassionate and benevolent young lady who, at the beginning of the book, is only seventeen. Though her age would suggest the girl to still be a child, it is revealed that her wisdom goes far beyond her years. Lucie could be seen as an old soul who is wise enough to be able to find the good in everyone. Or Lucie could be seen as naive and unsuspecting. We are unsure of this when Lucie is first introduced in her meeting with Mr. Lorry, as she seems to be over taken by emotion and fear. Yet Mr. Lorry takes note of her mature nature through the way she contains herself as he describes the perils of her father. You speak collectedly, and you are collected. Thats good! (Tale of Two Cities, 33). Lucie Manette, after being reunited with her father, devotes her life to restoring is mental and physical health. She finds a purpose and satisfaction in their mutual bond of unconditional love for one another. Lucie is reborn through her new relationship with her father, and through this relationship the window to Lucies future is opened. Just as Lucie Manette is given life through her father, her father is also reborn through her. After eighteen long years in the Bastille he is rescued by the Defarges who bring him to their wine shop. This is where he meets Lucie and Mr. Lorry. He is depicted as completely insane, and when asked his name he replies, One Hundred and Five, North Tower, the number of his old prison cell ...

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Final - Essay Example The main aim of the imperialist policies in the British Empire was to assist in the acquisition of many foreign territories. These territories would therefore provide raw materials and the market for the British manufacturers. They also established trade monopolies that would ensure that their export exceeds imports. They believed this would provide foreign income to expand and maintain the empire. After successful wars with the French, Spanish and the Dutch in the seventeenth century, Britain was successful in acquiring most territories in the Caribbean, St Lawrence basin in Canada, parts of Africa for slavery acquisition and the coast of the North America. They developed interest in India and the British government took over the East India Company. Britains control extended to neighbors of India, including Burma and Afghanistan. After the end of the Napoleonic wars in1815, Britain became more powerful. At this time, they acquired Dutch South Africa but were challenged in India due to the eastern and southern expansion of the Russian empire. During this period, the traditional rivals of Britain had been diminished in power and size and so Britain remained the leading empire in Europe. However, the old mercantile empire weakened due to certain factors during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Some of the factors were freeing in slaves held in another part of the empire and colonial associations for greater commercial and political independence. British Empire had several motives in penetration in India. The British investors ventured into certain parts of India in search of opportunities that had significant profits. British intellectuals, including Christian missionaries facilitated the movement that sought to bring western technological innovations and intellectuals to Indians. The Christian missionaries translated the bible