The Sociological Examination Of Crime - 862 Words

According to Gavin, in the text Criminological and Forensic Psychology, many psychologists have attempted to explain crime by coming up with multiple social theories. Gavin states that psychologist suggest that those who commit crimes have â€Å"individual differences† that â€Å"make it more likely than some people to commit crimes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that these social theories say that these crimes are a result of â€Å"the breakdown in social structures†. One of the first social theories that was introduced came about in 1938 by Merton, his theory is known as Strain Theory. Gavin goes on to define Strain Theory as the â€Å"social structures exert pressures which may lead an individual to commit crime†. His theory was a result of determining the â€Å"relationship between society and the values and behavior of members of that society was pivotal in the sociological examination of crime† (Gavin, 54). What strain theory attempts to explain is that crime is a result of instability or problems; for example, pressures of society and societal goals can influence an individual to commit a crime (Gavin, 54). Additional factors that contribute to trying to explain crime and delinquency are provided by psychological theories that suggest and â€Å"try to take account of the group and societal processes that impinge upon the person, but are naturally individualistic, at either the biological, personal or social level† (Gavin 56). However, some actually believe that determining individual traits and trying to link them withShow MoreRelatedSociology : Sociology And Sociological Thinking978 Words   |  4 PagesSociology and sociological thinking are a vital part of society, and through examining both society and individuals, sociology is able to make changes to areas such as policies, and attitudes that may have usually negatively affected them, and instead gained a positive result through the careful research, and applied knowledge. Sociology is the study of groups and individuals and the cause and effects of each, to each other, and overall society. ‘Sociology is a technical and difficult subject andRead MoreTo what Extent Are Prostitution and Drug Use Associated with Sociological Variables?1214 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent are prostitution and drug use associated with sociological variables and are they truly victimless? 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Since it’s an ethical believe that wrongdoingRead MoreA Sociological Aspect of Gang Activity1743 Words   |  7 Pagesmembership. (Covey, 2003). Covey (2003) indicated that the more underprivileged a youth was, the more likely the chances would be of them joining a gang, which is a major concern. Throughout these two pieces of academic literature, two key sociological theories have helped to provide different answers to the research question. Covey (2003) introduced the similarity between underprivileged youth and Karl Marx’s Marxian theory. On the other hand, Esbensen, Winfree, He, and Taylor predicted thatRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal contextRead MoreConflict Theory1445 Words   |  6 Pagesresources. Beliefs about inequality and the imbalance of power become institutionalized and become accepted and unquestioned by both the privileged and the discriminated against; thus the patterns become self-perpetuating and repeating without the re-examination or reorganization that a just society would require. For example, when social placement operates through patriarchal and patrilineal systems, wealth becomes further concentrated in male hands, and further promotes female subservience, neglect, andRead MoreNew Deviancy and Labeling Theory1108 Words   |  5 Pagestheory emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s. It was primarily a radical response to positivist domination of criminology (that crime is the result of individual, physical, and social conditions). The new deviancy theorists believed in free will and creativity. According to this theory, crime is that behaviour which violates the interests of the powerful. The definition of crime or deviance depends upon two activities: one, an act of an individual or a group, and second, another individual or group withRead MoreCriminology: The Evolution of Crime Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology has evolved over history into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change it is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development fromRead MoreDeviance And Crime Within Various Sociological Frameworks992 Words   |  4 Pages Deviance is a social construct that is often observed in society as, â€Å"everyone is a deviant in one social context or the other (Brym and Lie 2015:95). For that reason, sociologists have come up with theories to explain deviance and crime within various sociological frameworks. While some theorists â€Å"focus on the learning and labelling of deviant behaviour, social functionalists direct their attention to the social dysfunctions that lead to deviant and criminal behaviour† (Brym and Lie 2015:102).Read MoreThe Article â€Å"Editorial Defunding Planned Parenthood Hurts1642 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed removal of funds is due to the fact that Planned Parenthood is associated with abortions, which are not highly supported but also ostracized by Republicans. However, Planned Parenthood provides many other reproductive services: â€Å"breast examinations, cervical cancer screenings, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases and infections, contraception and family pla nning, urinary tract infection treatments, and other primary care services† other than abortions. Moreover, abortions

Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Ach Case Study

Essays on Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Achieve Societal Support in Formulating the Carbon Tax Case Study The paper â€Å"Carbon Pollution as a Major Threat to Humanity and the IMC Plan to Achieve Societal Support in Formulating the Carbon Tax" is a pathetic example of a case study on environmental studies. Governments impose a tax as a means to manage the country’s resources. They use the collected revenue to cater to national budgets, projects and wages to its employees. Taxes ensure that the government acquires stability in terms of financial resources. Taxes are useful because they assist the government to support the society in the form of public investments, such as internal security, hospitals, and schools. Environmental protection is fundamental since all form of humankind relies on natural resources for survival. Carbon pollution from industries, burning of fossil fuels and aerosols threatens the existence of natural resources. A country has to ensure that sustainable development occurs so as to protect the future generation’s interests. Carbon emittance degrades the atmosphere by depleting the ozone layer, thus, creating a greenhouse effect. The carbon tax charged by the government is a form of penalty to activities that result in negative effects in society. This means that the carbon tax caters to the social cost involved to clear up the mess created by the pollutants. The political factors of a country influence the impact of tax levied on carbon. Practices of influential organizations such as lobbying with government officials may lead to a reduction in the tax imposed. This makes it difficult for the laid out objectives to be accomplished due to a reduction of funds. It may also lead to a tax increment if the influential organizations argue out a negative utility on the clean-up cost. These factors make the level of production fluctuate, thus, emphasizing the necessity to create a uniform carbon tax.A target audience segment analysis;The target countries on which these carbon taxes should be implemented are those that utilize and emit carbon. This means that the whole world at large is a potential member state to the tax regulatory body. Countries with large carbon usage and emission fight against carbon taxation. They include the United States of America, China, and Russia, since they widely use carbon to produce electricity. The regulatory bodies implement the taxes indirectly through common user practices such as motor vehicles. This is because it is challenging to identify the amount of carbon harm caused by individuals with regards to global warming, once the carbon is in the atmosphere. The countries involved paying taxes in accordance with carbon content. The countries which refute carbon taxes view it as a form of reducing production and job opportunities. The body in charge of carbon and energy taxes is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.Global warmingGlobal warming occurs due to ozone layer depletion by several gases. Carbon dioxide released through human activities creates a significant cont ributor too ozone layer depletion. The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Once the ozone layer erupts, the harmful UV-rays penetrate the earth, thus destroying crops and human health. There occurs global warming due to the increment in waves. This causes the climate to change in the long run. The drivers to climate change include decreased water levels, which in turn leads to poor sanitation levels. This will, in the long run, ensures that human health degrades. Global warming statistics record an increase in temperature by 0.8 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the 20th century. Assessment reports on increment in the ocean and atmospheric temperatures record a double effect for the 21st Century. Events such as a rise in sea levels and global temperature follow due to the greenhouse effect. This mostly affects the arctic region where glaciers and permafrost melting occurs. All these events lead to the global warming controversy which exists in society by the media. This is because the issue of increased rates of temperatures in the future by humans or otherwise has to be accounted for. A cost-benefit analysis, of the most suitable method of controlling carbon emissions, has to occur to enable the government to choose a  method that will not hinder production but will ensure that carbon pollution decreases.

Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds Free Essays

In my opinion, employers should have the right to check applicants’ backgrounds whether or not suspicion of misbehavior, security threats, credit histories, driving offenses etcetera exist. This will ensure employers or companies that they won’t have any ‘problematic employees’ in within the organization. However, even if this should be a right held by the employers, companies, organizations, etcetera, the law states that the they â€Å"do not have unlimited rights to dig into an applicant’s background and personal life† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds or any similar topic only for you Order Now . ). This means that there are certain ‘checks’ that these employers, companies, organizations, etcetera cannot pursue simply because it is forbidden by the law and they can be charged in court if they push through with unlimited ‘checks’ (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The following are the background checks that may be done including the limitations set by the law: First is with regards to â€Å"credit reports† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). The restriction set by the law for this is known as â€Å"the Fair Credit Reporting Act† wherein employers, companies, organizations, etcetera are obliged to obtain a formal â€Å"written consent† coming from the employee/applicant before the former could see the latter’s â€Å"credit report† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The second entails â€Å"criminal records† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers, organizations, companies, etcetera may look into an applicant’s criminal records but this should be done through their lawyer or they should consult the â€Å"Federal Bureau of Investigation† especially if they need an â€Å"employee background investigation† to be carried out or if they wanted to make sure that the applicant has not been involved in violation of the following: â€Å"antitrust laws, trade secret laws, intellectual property laws, economic sabotage, as well as, anti-terrorism laws† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The third involves â€Å"lie detector tests† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). The use of the aforementioned may be allowed only by employers whose businesses involve: â€Å"armored car services, alarm/guard services, pharmaceutical manufacturing distribution, etc† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers, therefore cannot just make an employee/applicant undergo â€Å"lie detector tests† because the latter is protected by the â€Å"Employee Polygraph Protection Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). The fourth is with regards to ‘health check’ (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Here, an employer, organization, company, etcetera can always ask the health expert or the health institution if an employee can carry out a certain task; however one cannot ask for the entire medical record of an employee or applicant because doing so is a violation of the â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). In addition to that, health institutions would not give in to such an employer’s request because â€Å"confidentiality of medical records† is a part of the â€Å"American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics†; legal issues will emerge if they violate this (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. . ). Last but not least pertains to the school records of an applicant (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Fortunately, these may be scrutinized by employers however they should be able to get the applicant’s approval before they carry that out (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Applicants are protected because of the â€Å"Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act† (US Small Business Administration, 2008, n. p. ). Employers then should have the right to check on applicants’ backgrounds but only to a certain extent and only those which the law allows. How to cite Right to Check Employees’ Backgrounds, Papers

Overview of Agricultural Sector Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Overview of Agricultural Sector. Answer: Introduction The agricultural sector is an inevitable part of the economy that contributes towards the overall development of the country. As argued by Nakamura and James (2015), agriculture has already contributed effectively towards the economic prosperity of different advanced countries. The role of agriculture in employment opportunity creation and economic development of the underdeveloped countries is also undeniable. However, a group of researchers have always argued that though agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic and sociological development of the developed as well as underdeveloped countries, the policy frameworks do not focus much on agriculture. This assignment will emphasise over the fact that most of the time agriculture remains neglected in the development policies while it can play a crucial role through providing food security and creating employment opportunity (Bassino et al 2017). In order to substantiate the aforesaid statement primarily a conceptual overview of the agricultural sector along with its evolution in the context of Japan will be discussed. Later on the contribution of agriculture towards the societal and economic developments of Japan will also be emphasized. Overview of Agricultural Sector of Japan In Japan, agriculture has always played a major role in the country specific culture and traditions since ages. Presently, Japan has turned into a gigantic economy and market its presence as the second largest economy in the world. Highest standard of living which is supported by the continuous and sustained growth of the manufacturing, export and technology (Saito, Osamu, and Masanori Takashima 2016). Nowadays, the role of agriculture has been observed to be reducing by a few percent compared to the total. The growth rate of the agriculture is also lagging behind that of the radical growth rates of the other sectors. However, it can be stated that agriculture in Japan bears a cultural significance as most of the people are now urban and only remain connected to farming, rural life and agriculture for a generation or two. As of now, efforts have been put forwards to protect and secure the traditional agriculture of Japan. However, these efforts gave rise to mixed results meaning it has not affected the specific sector either positively or negatively. Japan as a country has obtained the lions share of its wealth from trading and by exploiting the opportunities of comparative advantage, higher rate of tariff that protects some of the agricultural products can be considered as an exception. The efforts put forward to reserve the resources like land and agricultural labour despite the draw from the various other portions of the economy have helped to maintain the level of domestic production (Lockwood, William Wirt 2015). However, these efforts have also been held responsible for distorted markets, giving rise to unexpected outcomes such as land abandonment, overproduction and speculation. Preserving the production of rice ensures the loss of opportunities for other products, for instance the products lik e fruit, vegetables, specialty meat which in turn can be profitable in a country where land is a scarce factor of production. As per the statistics provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries during the year 2014, the total agricultural, fisheries and forestry production of japan was JPY 8.36 trillion which was equivalent to USD 81 billion. This level of production was below the historical peak value JPY 11.72 trillion which was attained in 1984 (Schandl et al 2016). On a summative note it can be stated that the most important categories in this specific sector where livestock which contributed 35.5% in the total production value as well as vegetables and rice which accounted for 26.6% and 17.1% respectively in the total production value. Role of Agriculture in enhancing economic and social aspects of Japan The role of agriculture in enhancing the economic development and afterwards identifying the methods through which this specific role can be enhanced has been the key issue of discussion in development economics. In other words the countries which are willing to industrialise agriculture is the most common source of resources to them which can be used for serving the investment purposes in the emerging sectors. As it has been stated earlier that agriculture in Japan is amalgamated within its sociological and cultural framework. However, agriculture acts as the cornerstone of any economy it provides the basic requirements and now it also supplies raw materials required for industrialization. The agricultural sector of Japan contributed significantly in fostering its economic prosperity. It is also quite evident that Japan one of the leading industrialized economy of the world was once agriculture based. However, presently the contribution of agriculture in the GDP of Japan is depicting a lowering trend. In 2016, agricultures share was 1.07% of GDP (Reganold and Jonathan 2016). Agriculture also acts as the basic source of food supply for developing, underdeveloped or developed economy. Due to the rapid increase in population the demand for food is also increasing over time and in such a case agriculture provides certain food security. Evolution of Agriculture The prime development of the Japanese agricultural sector took place during the time period of 1880 to 1940 and this is because at this point the agricultural productivity of the country increased significantly (Katz 2014). The magnitude of this increase in the level of productivity and the factors which were contributing towards this gain in productivity could be easily explained with a fair degree of confidence. The physical quantity of output of the six major crops of the country nearly doubled during 1881 to 1940. Similarly the estimated value of the net real incomes produced in the agricultural sector also depicted an analogical expansion pattern (Shankland and Euclides Gonalves 2016). This was quite evident to take place because of the dominant position of the six identified staple crops-barley, rice, wheat, naked barley and white and sweet potato. The table above depicts the output of cocoons as it is considered significantly important for sericulture in Japan which contributed largely in the economic development of the country. However, it is also quite important to note that the radical increase in the output level of cocoons it is noteworthy that the percentage share of cocoons in the gross value of the agricultural products was rather low. During the decades prior to 1910 cocoons contributed to nearly 9 to 10 percent in the gross value of agricultural output. During the decade of 1911 to 1920 the contribution rose to 12 percent and further reached its highest value 16 percent in the year 1920. It again lowered to 12 percent in the 1930s (Watkins et al 2015). However, agriculture is still now considered as a major industry in Japan and it has grown modestly since the past few decades. Japanese agricultural sector grew to $41 billion in 1985 from 12$12 billion in 1970. Further as per the recent statistics available it has reached $58 billion by the end of the year 2013 and thereby made the Japanese agriculture sector ninth largest in the world. Hence it can be stated that since the past few years the agricultural sector though faced a few problems it has managed to achieve and maintain a significant growth rate (Shively 2015). Current problems faced by Japanese agriculture sector The key problem of agriculture in Japan is the unavailability of land particularly because of the higher population density. Farmers are now terracing the hillsides and cultivating the river beds. Though, they are putting extensive efforts only 17 percent of total land area or 16 million acres of land is now available for agricultural purposes. Approximately 46% of this land is used for cultivating paddy and rice while 37% field is used for barley, wheat and other crops. The Japanese people have put significant effort to cope with these issues both before and after the war but the labour productivity remained at a comparatively lower level (Shiva 2016). While the output of the agricultural sector crossed the prewar level of output, the labour productivity increased only by 8% and 5% during 1955 and 1956 respectively. As opined by Moyer, Wayne, and Tim (2017) the key problem associated with the Japanese agriculture is the farmland system. The main issues associated with this matter is that japan needs to design its strategy in such a way that farmland becomes concentrated only among those who are willing and are ready to get involved in the agricultural activities. The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) pointed out that despite putting drastic effort in the scientific and technological aspects and its implementation to increase the agricultural productivity people are barely concerned about the environmental consequences of these activities. Presently, IAASTD have focused on utilizing the knowledge, research, technological and scientific achievements for reducing hunger and thereby providing food security. However, as of now an industrialized country like Japan is more focused on nurturing the service sector and no such effective measures have been taken to improve the present agricultural scenario (Havens 2015). Strategies to cope with the current problems In order to cope with the prevailing problems in an efficient manner during July, 1999 the New Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas replaced the Basic law on Agriculture (Miyazaki 2018). This decision was taken on the basis of the recommendations provided by an advisory committee to mitigate the problems associated with food, agriculture and rural areas. The key focus of the Basic Law of 1961 was to eradicate the inequality of productivity and income between the agricultural sector and service sector. However, the New Basic Law broadened the scope of agricultural policies that included food security, agricultural multi-functionality as well as rural development. The key principles of the new agricultural policy can be summarized as follows, Ensuring stable supply of food: This would be done by enhancing the domestic level of production as a basis along with a suitable combination of stockholdings and imports (Ohkawa et al 2015). Substantiating the multi-functional role of agriculture: Considering the safeguarding of water resources, land as well as natural environment and at the same time conserving the cultural traditions. Developing agriculture in a sustainable manner: Maintaining the level of agricultural production and at the same point of time ensuring appropriate drainage, irrigation system and maintaining the natural cycle will help to maintain the sustainability of the agriculture (Lockwood 2015). Rural development: Through improving the agricultural production and increasing the level of welfare in the rural areas will help to ensure development in those areas. Discussion On the basis of the segments stated before it can be observed that agriculture in Japan lost its importance since ages. As the country started developing through industrialization more importance were given to the service sector and agriculture sector became less important. However, it is also quite evident that agriculture can significantly play a role in the process of development of a country. It can easily assist a country to ensure sufficient scope of employment and at the same time ascertain a constant supply of food. In the development policies designed by the country agriculture remained neglected but the researchers are now stressing on redesigning strategies which will ensure that the agriculture sector gets the importance it needed. Previously the Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas included a few basic legal framework as well as provided the government with a set of suggestions so that it can improve the agricultural sector. Presently it is highly recommended that the government of Japan should try to redesign the previous strategy in an efficient manner so that the agricultural sector gets developed. Conclusion On a concluding note, it can be sated that the essay has focused on the agricultural sector of Japan. At certain point of time Japans agricultural sector ranked the ninth in the world in terms of production. Presently the country is considered among the most developed nations in the world but the contribution of agriculture in the total GDP of the country is significantly low. Though, it is an widely accepted fact that agriculture can assist a country to maintain a subsistence level of living and standard of living. Hence Japan should focus on developing a strategy which will aid its agricultural sector. References Bassino, Jean-Pascal, Stephen N. Broadberry, Kyoji Fukao, Bishnupriya Gupta, and Masanori Takashima. "Japan and the Great Divergence, 730-1874." (2017). Havens, Thomas RH.Farm and nation in modern Japan: Agrarian nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press, 2015. Katz, Richard. "Voodoo Abenomics: Japan's failed comeback plan."Foreign Affairs93, no. 4 (2014): 133-141. Lockwood, William Wirt.Economic Development of Japan. Princeton University Press, 2015. Lockwood, William Wirt.State and Economic Enterprise in Japan. Princeton University Press, 2015. Miyazaki, Tomomi. "Decentralization Reform and Property Tax in Japan: A Consideration of the Benefit Principle." InEconomic Challenges Facing Japans Regional Areas, pp. 173-179. Palgrave Pivot, Singapore, 2018. Moyer, Wayne, and Tim Josling.Agricultural Policy Reform: Politics and Process in the EU and US in the 1990s. Routledge, 2017. Nakamura, James I.Agricultural production and the economic development of Japan, 1873-1922. Princeton University Press, 2015. Ohkawa, Kazushi, Bruce F. Johnston, and Hiromitsu Kaneda.Agriculture and economic growth: Japan's experience. Princeton University Press, 2015. Reganold, John P., and Jonathan M. Wachter. "Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century."Nature Plants2, no. 2 (2016): 15221. Saito, Osamu, and Masanori Takashima. "Estimating the shares of secondary-and tertiary-sector outputs in the age of early modern growth: the case of Japan, 16001874."European Review of Economic History20, no. 3 (2016): 368-386. Schandl, Heinz, Steve Hatfield-Dodds, Thomas Wiedmann, Arne Geschke, Yiyong Cai, James West, David Newth, Tim Baynes, Manfred Lenzen, and Anne Owen. "Decoupling global environmental pressure and economic growth: scenarios for energy use, materials use and carbon emissions."Journal of Cleaner Production132 (2016): 45-56. Shankland, Alex, and Euclides Gonalves. "Imagining agricultural development in southsouth cooperation: the contestation and transformation of ProSAVANA."World development81 (2016): 35-46. Shiva, Vandana.The violence of the green revolution: Third world agriculture, ecology, and politics. University Press of Kentucky, 2016. Shively, Donald H., ed.Tradition and modernization in Japanese culture. Princeton University Press, 2015. Watkins, Andrew, Theo Papaioannou, Julius Mugwagwa, and Dinar Kale. "National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries: A critical review of the literature."Research Policy44, no. 8 (2015): 1407-1418.